Lesson Fifty-Three

الدَّرْسُ الثَّالِثُ وَالْخَمْسُونَ

14. Meanings of the اِنْفِعَال Form

١٤- مَعَانِي بَابِ الِانْفِعَالِ

1. It is used for physical operation: this form occurs only as the resultative counterpart of operative verbs. An operative verb is one whose occurrence requires movement of the limbs, such as ‘breaking, cutting, pulling, striking and insulting.’ A non-operative verb is one that does not require this, such as ‘knowing and supposing.’ Therefore, one says كَسَرْتُهُ فَانْكَسَرَ and جَرَحْتُهُ فَانْجَرَحَ, but one does not say عَلِمْتُهُ فَانْعَلَمَ or فَهِمْتُهُ فَانْفَهَمَ.

١- يَأْتِي لِلْعِلَاجِ: لَا يَأْتِي هَذَا الْبَابُ إِلَّا لِمُطَاوَعَةِ الْأَفْعَالِ الْعِلَاجِيَّةِ، وَالْفِعْلُ الْعِلَاجِيُّ مَا يَحْتَاجُ فِي حُدُوثِهِ إِلَى تَحْرِيكِ الْأَعْضَاءِ، كَـ«الْكَسْرِ وَالْقَطْعِ وَالْجَذْبِ وَالضَّرْبِ وَالشَّتْمِ»، وَغَيْرُ الْعِلَاجِيِّ مَا لَا يَحْتَاجُ إِلَيْهِ، كَـ«الْعِلْمِ وَالظَّنِّ»، وَلِذَا يُقَالُ: كَسَرْتُهُ فَانْكَسَرَ، وَجَرَحْتُهُ فَانْجَرَحَ، وَلَا يُقَالُ: عَلِمْتُهُ فَانْعَلَمَ وَفَهِمْتُهُ فَانْفَهَمَ.

2. It is always intransitive: that is, this form can only be intransitive, as in اِنْصَرَفَ الْمُسَافِرُ إِلَى بَيْتِهِ, meaning that the traveller returned to his home.

٢- لِلُّزُومِ دَائِمًا: أَيْ لَا يَكُونُ هَذَا الْبَابُ إِلَّا لَازِمًا، مِثْلُ: اِنْصَرَفَ الْمُسَافِرُ إِلَى بَيْتِهِ، أَيْ رَجَعَ إِلَى بَيْتِهِ.

3. For the resultative counterpart:

٣- لِلْمُطَاوَعَةِ:

As the resultative counterpart of فَعَلَ: as in كَسَرْتُهُ فَانْكَسَرَ.

أ- لِمُطَاوَعَةِ فَعَلَ: مِثْلُ: كَسَرْتُهُ فَانْكَسَرَ.

As the resultative counterpart of أَفْعَلَ: as in أَغْلَقْتُهُ فَانْغَلَقَ.

ب- لِمُطَاوَعَةِ أَفْعَلَ: مِثْلُ: أَغْلَقْتُهُ فَانْغَلَقَ.

4. For correspondence:

٤- لِلْمُوَافَقَةِ:

Correspondence with فَعَلَ: as in اِنْطَفَأَتِ النَّارُ and طَفِئَتْ.

أ- لِمُوَافَقَةِ فَعَلَ: مِثْلُ: اِنْطَفَأَتِ النَّارُ، وَطَفِئَتْ.

Correspondence with إِفْعَال: as in اِنْحَجَرَتْ and أَحْجَرَتْ.

ب- لِمُوَافَقَةِ إِفْعَالٍ: مِثْلُ: اِنْحَجَرَتْ، وَأَحْجَرَتْ.

5. Its first radical must not be one of the letters of يَرْمَلُونَ: that is, the first radical of a word in this form must not be one of the letters of يَرْمَلُونَ because of its heaviness here. If the meaning of اِنْفِعَال is intended from a word whose first radical is one of these letters, the word is brought from the اِفْتِعَال form, as in رَفَعَهُ فَارْتَفَعَ and نَقَلَهُ فَانْتَقَلَ. As for اِنْمِحَاء and اِنْمَاز, they are irregular.

٥- لِعَدَمِ كَوْنِ فَائِهِ مِنْ حُرُوفِ «يَرْمَلُونَ»: أَيْ لَا تَكُونُ فَاءُ الْكَلِمَةِ مِنْهُ حَرْفًا مِنْ حُرُوفِ «يَرْمَلُونَ» لِأَجْلِ ثِقَلِهَا هُنَا، فَإِذَا أُرِيدَ أَدَاءُ مَعْنَى الِانْفِعَالِ مِنَ الْكَلِمَةِ الَّتِي تَكُونُ فَاؤُهَا إِحْدَى هَذِهِ الْحُرُوفِ تُؤْتَى بِهَا مِنْ بَابِ الِافْتِعَالِ، مِثْلُ: رَفَعَهُ فَارْتَفَعَ، وَنَقَلَهُ فَانْتَقَلَ، وَأَمَّا «اِنْمِحَاءٌ وَانْمَازَ» فَهُمَا شَاذَّانِ.

6. For initial usage: as in اِنْطَلَقَ بَكْرٌ, meaning that Bakr went. In the unaugmented verb طَلَقَ, this meaning does not occur; rather, it means that he became free from bondage.

٦- الِابْتِدَاءُ: مِثْلُ: اِنْطَلَقَ بَكْرٌ، أَيْ ذَهَبَ، وَفِي الْمُجَرَّدِ «طَلَقَ» لَا يَأْتِي هَذَا الْمَعْنَى بَلْ مَعْنَاهُ تَحَرَّرَ مِنَ الْقَيْدِ.

15. Meanings of the اِفْعِيلَال Form

١٥- مَعَانِي بَابِ الِافْعِيلَالِ

1. It is predominantly intransitive, as in اِخْشَوْشَنَ, meaning that it became intensely rough.

١- اللُّزُومُ غَالِبًا، مِثْلُ: اِخْشَوْشَنَ، أَيْ صَارَ شَدِيدَ الْخُشُونَةِ.

2. For intransitive intensification: it conveys intensification and an increase in the meaning from which it is derived, as in اِعْشَوْشَبَتِ الْأَرْضُ, meaning that the land became abundant in grass.

٢- الْمُبَالَغَةُ لَازِمًا: أَيْ يُفِيدُ مَعْنَى الْمُبَالَغَةِ وَزِيَادَةَ مَعْنَى الْمُشْتَقِّ مِنْهُ، مِثْلُ: اِعْشَوْشَبَتِ الْأَرْضُ، أَيْ صَارَتْ ذَاتَ عُشْبٍ كَثِيرَةٍ.

3. As the resultative counterpart of فَعَلَ: as in ثَنَيْتُهُ فَاثْنَوْنَى, meaning طَوَيْتُهُ فَانْطَوَى.

٣- مُطَاوَعَةُ فَعَلَ، مِثْلُ: ثَنَيْتُهُ فَاثْنَوْنَى، أَيْ طَوَيْتُهُ فَانْطَوَى.

4. For correspondence with اِسْتَفْعَلَ: as in اِحْلَوْلَيْتُهُ and اِسْتَحْلَيْتُهُ.

٤- مُوَافَقَةُ اسْتَفْعَلَ: مِثْلُ: اِحْلَوْلَيْتُهُ وَاسْتَحْلَيْتُهُ.

5. For defect: as in اِحْدَوْدَبَ الرَّجُلُ, meaning that the man’s back protruded and his abdomen drew inward.

٥- الْعَيْبُ: مِثْلُ: اِحْدَوْدَبَ الرَّجُلُ، أَيْ خَرَجَ ظَهْرُهُ وَدَخَلَ بَطْنُهُ.

16, 17. Meanings of the اِفْعِلَال and اِفْعِيلَال Forms

١٦، ١٧- مَعَانِي بَابِ الِافْعِلَالِ وَالِافْعِيلَالِ

Every verb that comes from these two forms must be intransitive. Intensification must be present in its meaning, while colour and defect occur predominantly. Thus, اِحْمَرَّ and اِحْمَارَّ mean that it became intensely red; both contain intransitivity, intensification and colour. Likewise, اِشْهَبَّ and اِشْهَابَّ mean that it became intensely white; this contains intransitivity, intensification and defect.

كُلُّ فِعْلٍ يَأْتِي مِنْ هَذَيْنِ الْبَابَيْنِ يَجِبُ أَنْ يَكُونَ لَازِمًا وَأَنْ يَكُونَ فِي مَعْنَاهُ «الْمُبَالَغَةُ» لَازِمًا، وَ«اللَّوْنُ وَالْعَيْبُ» غَالِبًا، نَحْوُ: اِحْمَرَّ وَاحْمَارَّ، أَيْ صَارَ شَدِيدَ الْحُمْرَةِ، فِيهِمَا اللُّزُومُ وَالْمُبَالَغَةُ وَاللَّوْنُ، وَاشْهَبَّ وَاشْهَابَّ، أَيْ صَارَ شَدِيدَ الْبَيَاضِ، فِيهِ اللُّزُومُ وَالْمُبَالَغَةُ وَالْعَيْبُ.

18. Meanings of the اِفْعِوَّال Form

١٨- مَعَانِي بَابِ الِافْعِوَّالِ

This form always occurs as an independent coinage, meaning that it is cut off from the root and from anything comparable to the root. That is, it has no origin in the unaugmented form and is as though it were a new construction, as in الِاجْلِوَّاذُ.

دَائِمًا يَأْتِي هَذَا الْبَابُ مُقْتَضَبًا، أَيْ مَقْطُوعًا عَنِ الْأَصْلِ وَعَنْ مِثْلِ الْأَصْلِ، أَيْ لَا يَكُونُ لَهُ أَصْلٌ فِي الْمُجَرَّدِ كَأَنَّهُ بِنَاءٌ جَدِيدٌ، مِثْلُ: الِاجْلِوَّاذُ.

The Unaugmented Quadriliteral

الرُّبَاعِيُّ الْمُجَرَّدُ

19. Meanings of the فَعْلَلَة Form

١٩- مَعَانِي بَابِ الْفَعْلَلَةِ

1. For contraction: as in بَسْمَلَ سَعِيدٌ, meaning that Sa‘id recited بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ.

١- الْقَصْرُ: مِثْلُ: بَسْمَلَ سَعِيدٌ، أَيْ قَرَأَ بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ.

2. Clothing with what the source denotes: as in بَرْقَعَتْ زَيْنَبُ بِنْتَهَا, meaning that Zaynab dressed her daughter in a veil.

٢- إِلْبَاسُ الْمَأْخَذِ: مِثْلُ: بَرْقَعَتْ زَيْنَبُ بِنْتَهَا، أَيْ أَلْبَسَتْهَا الْبُرْقُعَ.

3. Acting as its own resultative counterpart: as in غَطْرَشَ اللَّيْلُ بَصَرَهُ فَغَطْرَشَ, meaning that the night darkened his sight, so he became blind.

٣- مُطَاوَعَتُهُ لِنَفْسِهِ: مِثْلُ: غَطْرَشَ اللَّيْلُ بَصَرَهُ فَغَطْرَشَ، أَيْ أَظْلَمَ اللَّيْلُ عَلَى بَصَرِهِ فَعَمِيَ.

4. For application: as in زَعْفَرْتُ الثَّوْبَ, meaning that I dyed the garment with saffron.

٤- التَّعَمُّلُ: مِثْلُ: زَعْفَرْتُ الثَّوْبَ، أَيْ صَبَغْتُهُ بِالزَّعْفَرَانِ.

Benefit: this form occurs frequently from sound and doubled roots, as in بَعْثَرَ, زَلْزَلَ and وَسْوَسَ, and rarely from hamzated roots, as in طَمْأَنَ.

فَائِدَةٌ: يَأْتِي هَذَا الْبَابُ مِنَ الصَّحِيحِ وَالْمُضَاعَفِ كَثِيرًا، مِثْلُ: بَعْثَرَ، وَزَلْزَلَ، وَوَسْوَسَ، وَمِنَ الْمَهْمُوزِ قَلِيلًا، مِثْلُ: طَمْأَنَ.

The Augmented Quadriliteral without Hamzat al-Wasl

الرُّبَاعِيُّ الْمَزِيدُ فِيهِ بِدُونِ هَمْزَةِ الْوَصْلِ

20. Meanings of the تَفَعْلُل Form

٢٠- مَعَانِي بَابِ التَّفَعْلُلِ

1. As the resultative counterpart of فَعْلَلَ: as in زَعْزَعْتُهُ فَتَزَعْزَعَ, meaning that I moved it and it moved; and دَحْرَجْتُهُ فَتَدَحْرَجَ, meaning that I pushed it down a slope and it moved away.

١- مُطَاوَعَةُ فَعْلَلَ: نَحْوُ: زَعْزَعْتُهُ فَتَزَعْزَعَ، أَيْ حَرَّكْتُهُ فَتَحَرَّكَ، وَدَحْرَجْتُهُ فَتَدَحْرَجَ، أَيْ دَفَعْتُهُ مُنْحَدِرًا فَانْدَفَعَ.

2. For independent coinage: as in تَهَرْجَسَ الرَّجُلُ, meaning that the man strutted in his walk.

٢- الِاقْتِضَابُ: نَحْوُ: تَهَرْجَسَ الرَّجُلُ، أَيْ تَبَخْتَرَ فِي مَشْيَتِهِ.

The Augmented Quadriliteral with Hamzat al-Wasl

الرُّبَاعِيُّ الْمَزِيدُ فِيهِ بِهَمْزَةِ الْوَصْلِ

21. Meanings of the اِفْعِنْلَال Form

٢١- مَعَانِي بَابِ الِافْعِنْلَالِ

1. It is always intransitive: that is, this form is invariably intransitive, as in اِبْرَنْشَقَ بِلَالٌ, meaning that Bilal rejoiced.

١- اللُّزُومُ دَائِمًا: أَيْ هَذَا الْبَابُ يَكُونُ لَازِمًا أَبَدًا، مِثْلُ: اِبْرَنْشَقَ بِلَالٌ، أَيْ فَرِحَ.

2. As the resultative counterpart of فَعْلَلَ with intensification: as in شَحْرَجْتُهُ فَاشْحَرْجَمَ, meaning that I shed his blood and it flowed abundantly.

٢- مُطَاوَعَةُ فَعْلَلَ مَعَ الْمُبَالَغَةِ: نَحْوُ: شَحْرَجْتُهُ فَاشْحَرْجَمَ، أَيْ سَفَكْتُ دَمَهُ فَانْسَفَكَ بِكَثْرَةٍ.

3. For independent coinage: that is, it sometimes occurs without a root in the unaugmented quadriliteral, as in اِبْرَنْشَقَ بِلَالٌ, meaning that Bilal rejoiced.

٣- الِاقْتِضَابُ: أَيْ أَحْيَانًا يَأْتِي بِدُونِ أَصْلٍ فِي الرُّبَاعِيِّ الْمُجَرَّدِ، مِثْلُ: اِبْرَنْشَقَ بِلَالٌ، أَيْ فَرِحَ.

22. Meanings of the اِفْعِلَال Form

٢٢- مَعَانِي بَابِ الِافْعِلَالِ

1, 2. For intransitivity and as the resultative counterpart of فَعْلَلَ: as in طَمْأَنَنْتُهُ فَاطْمَأَنَّ.

١، ٢- اللُّزُومُ، وَمُطَاوَعَةُ فَعْلَلَ: مِثْلُ: طَمْأَنَنْتُهُ فَاطْمَأَنَّ.

3. For independent coinage: that is, it exists without a root in the unaugmented form, as in اِكْفَهَرَّ اللَّيْلُ, meaning that the night covered everything and its darkness intensified; and اِشْرَأَبَّ الرَّجُلُ, meaning that the man rose and extended his neck to look.

٣- الِاقْتِضَابُ: أَيْ يُوجَدُ بِدُونِ أَصْلٍ فِي الْمُجَرَّدِ، نَحْوُ: اِكْفَهَرَّ اللَّيْلُ، أَيْ غَشِيَ وَاشْتَدَّ ظَلَامُهُ، اِشْرَأَبَّ الرَّجُلُ، أَيْ ارْتَفَعَ وَمَدَّ عُنُقَهُ لِيَنْظُرَ.

Benefit: the appended patterns among the forms also possess the same characteristics as the patterns to which they are appended, except that most of them contain some degree of intensification.

فَائِدَةٌ: الْمُلْحَقَاتُ مِنَ الْأَبْوَابِ أَيْضًا تَكُونُ مِثْلَ الْمُلْحَقِ بِهَا مِنْ حَيْثُ الْخَوَاصِّ، إِلَّا أَنَّهُ يَكُونُ فِي أَكْثَرِهَا شَيْءٌ مِنَ الْمُبَالَغَةِ.

Most of the aforementioned augmented patterns are established by transmitted usage and are not used as analogical measures. It is not necessary that every unaugmented root have an augmented form used for it, as has occurred with some roots. Reliance in this matter is upon the books of language.

وَأَكْثَرُ أَبْنِيَةِ هَذِهِ الْمَزِيدَاتِ الْمَذْكُورَةِ سَمَاعِيَّةٌ لَا يُقَاسُ عَلَيْهَا، وَلَا يَلْزَمُ فِي كُلِّ مُجَرَّدٍ أَنْ يُسْتَعْمَلَ لَهُ مَزِيدٌ كَمَا اسْتُعْمِلَ لِلْبَعْضِ، وَالْمَدَارُ فِي ذَلِكَ عَلَى كُتُبِ اللُّغَةِ.

Observation: know that the morphologists have also mentioned properties other than these, but we have passed over them to avoid excessive length.

مَلْحُوظَةٌ: اِعْلَمْ أَنَّ الصَّرْفِيِّينَ ذَكَرُوا غَيْرَ هَذِهِ الْخَوَاصِّ أَيْضًا، فَأَضْرَبْنَا عَنْهَا صَفْحًا خَوْفَ التَّطْوِيلِ.

We conclude our discussion with the saying of Allah Most High:

وَنَخْتِمُ كَلَامَنَا بِقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى:

Glory be to your Lord, the Lord of Might, above what they describe. Peace be upon the messengers. And all praise belongs to Allah, Lord of the worlds.

﴿سُبْحَانَ رَبِّكَ رَبِّ الْعِزَّةِ عَمَّا يَصِفُونَ ۝ وَسَلَامٌ عَلَى الْمُرْسَلِينَ ۝ وَالْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ﴾