Lesson Twenty-Two

The Third Chapter: Rules and Conjugations of Hamzated, Weak, and Doubled Verbs

الْبَابُ الثَّالِثُ: فِي قَوَاعِدِ الْمَهْمُوزِ وَالْمُعْتَلِّ وَالْمُضَاعَفِ وَتَصَارِيفِهَا

Lesson Twenty-Two

الدَّرْسُ الثَّانِي وَالْعِشْرُونَ

The First Section: Hamzated Verbs - Rules of the Hamzah

الْفَصْلُ الْأَوَّلُ: الْمَهْمُوزُ - الْقِسْمُ الْأَوَّلُ فِي قَوَاعِدِ الْمَهْمُوزِ

Introduction: Having completed the discussion of the verb patterns, the book now begins the rules of easing the hamzah, vowel-letter change, and assimilation. Altering a hamzah is called takhfif, altering weak letters is called iʿlal, and merging one letter into another as a doubled consonant is called idgham.

تَمْهِيدٌ: بَعْدَ الْفَرَاغِ مِنْ بَيَانِ الْأَبْوَابِ نَبْدَأُ بِقَوَاعِدِ التَّخْفِيفِ وَالْإِعْلَالِ وَالْإِدْغَامِ. فَتَغْيِيرُ الْهَمْزَةِ يُسَمَّى تَخْفِيفًا، وَتَغْيِيرُ حُرُوفِ الْعِلَّةِ إِعْلَالًا، وَإِدْخَالُ حَرْفٍ فِي حَرْفٍ آخَرَ مُشَدَّدًا إِدْغَامًا.

1. The rule of رَأْس, بُؤْس, and ذِئْب

١- قَاعِدَةُ رَأْسٍ وَبُؤْسٍ وَذِئْبٍ

An isolated sakin hamzah may permissibly be replaced by the weak letter corresponding to the vowel before it: alif after fatḥah, waw after ḍammah, and ya after kasrah.

الْهَمْزَةُ الْمُنْفَرِدَةُ السَّاكِنَةُ يَجُوزُ أَنْ تُبْدَلَ حَرْفًا يُوَافِقُ حَرَكَةَ مَا قَبْلَهَا؛ فَبَعْدَ الْفَتْحَةِ أَلِفًا، وَبَعْدَ الضَّمَّةِ وَاوًا، وَبَعْدَ الْكَسْرَةِ يَاءً.

رَأْسٌ –> رَاسٌ، بُؤْسٌ –> بُوسٌ، ذِئْبٌ –> ذِيبٌ.

When two hamzahs meet and the second is sakin, the second is obligatorily changed into the weak letter corresponding to the vowel of the first hamzah.

إِذَا اجْتَمَعَتْ هَمْزَتَانِ وَكَانَتِ الثَّانِيَةُ سَاكِنَةً أُبْدِلَتْ بِحَرْفِ الْعِلَّةِ الْمُنَاسِبِ لِحَرَكَةِ الْأُولَى وُجُوبًا.

أَأْمَنَ –> آمَنَ، أُؤْمِنَ –> أُومِنَ، إِئْمَانًا –> إِيمَانًا.

2. The rule of an open hamzah after ḍammah or kasrah

٢- قَاعِدَةُ الْهَمْزَةِ الْمَفْتُوحَةِ بَعْدَ الضَّمِّ وَالْكَسْرِ

An isolated open hamzah after ḍammah may be replaced by waw, and after kasrah may be replaced by ya.

كُلُّ هَمْزَةٍ مَفْتُوحَةٍ مُنْفَرِدَةٍ إِذَا وَقَعَتْ بَعْدَ ضَمَّةٍ جَازَ إِبْدَالُهَا وَاوًا، وَإِذَا وَقَعَتْ بَعْدَ كَسْرَةٍ جَازَ إِبْدَالُهَا يَاءً.

3. The rule of جَاء and أَوَادِم

٣- قَاعِدَةُ جَاءٍ وَأَوَادِمَ

When two moving hamzahs meet and one of them carries kasrah, the second may be changed to ya; otherwise it may be changed to waw. When two moving hamzahs occur at the beginning of a word and the second is kasrah, the second is changed to ya.

إِذَا اجْتَمَعَتْ هَمْزَتَانِ مُتَحَرِّكَتَانِ وَكَانَتْ إِحْدَاهُمَا مَكْسُورَةً جَازَ إِبْدَالُ الثَّانِيَةِ يَاءً، وَإِلَّا جَازَ إِبْدَالُهَا وَاوًا. وَإِذَا اجْتَمَعَتَا فِي أَوَّلِ الْكَلِمَةِ وَكَانَتِ الثَّانِيَةُ مَكْسُورَةً أُبْدِلَتْ يَاءً.

جَائِئٌ –> جَائِيٌ –> جَاءٍ، أَآدِمُ –> أَوَادِمُ، أَئِمَّةٌ –> أَيِمَّةٌ.

5. The rule of خَطِيَّة and مَقْرُوَّة

٥- قَاعِدَةُ خَطِيَّةٍ وَمَقْرُوَّةٍ

When a hamzah occurs after an added long waw, an added long ya, or the ya of the diminutive, it may be replaced by the same type of letter as the one preceding it, after which assimilation is obligatory.

إِذَا وَقَعَتِ الْهَمْزَةُ بَعْدَ وَاوِ الْمَدِّ الزَّائِدَةِ، أَوْ يَاءِ الْمَدِّ الزَّائِدَةِ، أَوْ بَعْدَ يَاءِ التَّصْغِيرِ، جَازَ إِبْدَالُهَا مِنْ جِنْسِ مَا قَبْلَهَا، ثُمَّ يَجِبُ الْإِدْغَامُ.

مَقْرُوءَةٌ –> مَقْرُوَّةٌ، خَطِيئَةٌ –> خَطِيَّةٌ، أُفَيِّئِسٌ –> أُفَيِّسٌ.