Lesson Twenty-Two

Lesson Twenty-Two

الدَّرْسُ الثَّانِي وَالْعِشْرُونَ

The First Section: The Hamzated

الْفَصْلُ الْأَوَّلُ: الْمَهْمُوزُ

It is divided into two divisions:

وَهُوَ عَلَى قِسْمَيْنِ:

1. Rules of the hamzated. 2. Conjugations of the hamzated.

١- قَوَاعِدُ الْمَهْمُوزِ. ٢- تَصَارِيفُ الْمَهْمُوزِ.

The First Division: Rules of the Hamzated

الْقِسْمُ الْأَوَّلُ فِي قَوَاعِدِ الْمَهْمُوزِ

Introduction: Having completed the explanation of the verb forms, we now begin the rules of takhfīf, iʿlāl, and idghām. Changing a hamzah is takhfīf, changing a weak letter is taʿlīl, and inserting one letter into the other as a doubled letter is idghām.

تَمْهِيدٌ: حِينَمَا فَرَغْنَا مِنْ بَيَانِ الْأَبْوَابِ، نَبْدَأُ الْآنَ قَوَاعِدَ التَّخْفِيفِ وَالْإِعْلَالِ وَالْإِدْغَامِ، فَتَغْيِيرُ الْهَمْزَةِ تَخْفِيفٌ، وَتَغْيِيرُ حَرْفِ الْعِلَّةِ تَعْلِيلٌ، وَإِدْخَالُ الْحَرْفِ فِي الْآخَرِ مُشَدَّدًا إِدْغَامٌ.

1. The Rule of رَاسٌ, بُوسٌ, and ذِيبٌ

١- قَاعِدَةُ رَاسٍ وَبُوسٍ وَذِيبٍ

An isolated sākin hamzah may optionally agree with the vowel preceding it. That is, after fatḥah it becomes alif, after ḍammah wāw, and after kasrah yāʾ, as in رَاسٌ, بُوسٌ, and ذِيبٌ. Their original forms are رَأْسٌ, بُؤْسٌ, and ذِئْبٌ.

الْهَمْزَةُ الْمُنْفَرِدَةُ السَّاكِنَةُ تُوَافِقُ الْحَرَكَةَ الَّتِي قَبْلَهَا جَوَازًا، أَيْ تَكُونُ بَعْدَ الْفَتْحَةِ أَلِفًا، وَبَعْدَ الضَّمَّةِ وَاوًا، وَبَعْدَ الْكَسْرَةِ يَاءً، مِثْلُ: رَاسٌ، وَبُوسٌ، وَذِيبٌ، وَالْأَصْلُ فِيهَا: رَأْسٌ، وَبُؤْسٌ، وَذِئْبٌ.

2. The Rule of آمَنَ and أُومِنَ

٢- قَاعِدَةُ آمَنَ وَأُومِنَ

When a sākin hamzah occurs after a moving hamzah, it is obligatorily changed to agree with the vowel preceding it, as in آمَنَ, أُومِنَ, and إِيمَانًا. Their original forms are أَأْمَنَ, أُؤْمِنَ, and إِئْمَانًا.

إِذَا وَقَعَتِ الْهَمْزَةُ السَّاكِنَةُ بَعْدَ الْهَمْزَةِ الْمُتَحَرِّكَةِ أُبْدِلَتْ مُوَافِقَةً لِحَرَكَةِ مَا قَبْلَهَا وُجُوبًا، مِثْلُ: آمَنَ، وَأُومِنَ، وَإِيمَانًا، وَالْأَصْلُ فِيهَا: أَأْمَنَ، وَأُؤْمِنَ، وَإِئْمَانًا.

3. The Rule of جُونٌ and مِيرٌ

٣- قَاعِدَةُ جُونٍ وَمِيرٍ

Every isolated open hamzah, when it occurs after ḍammah, optionally becomes wāw, and after kasrah, yāʾ, as in جُونٌ and مِيرٌ, from جُؤْنٌ and مِئْرٌ.

كُلُّ هَمْزَةٍ مَفْتُوحَةٍ مُنْفَرِدَةٍ إِذَا وَقَعَتْ بَعْدَ الضَّمَّةِ تَصِيرُ وَاوًا، وَبَعْدَ الْكَسْرَةِ يَاءً جَوَازًا، مِثْلُ: جُونٌ، وَمِيرٌ مِنْ جُؤْنٍ، وَمِئْرٍ.

4. The Rule of جَاءٍ and أَوَادِمُ

٤- قَاعِدَةُ جَاءٍ وَأَوَادِمَ

When two moving hamzahs come together and one of them carries kasrah, the second optionally becomes yāʾ, as in جَاءٍ from جَائِئٍ. Otherwise, it becomes wāw, as in أَوَادِمُ from أَآدِمَ, the plural of آدَمَ, and أَوْمَلُ from أَأْمَلَ.

إِذَا اجْتَمَعَتْ هَمْزَتَانِ مُتَحَرِّكَتَانِ وَإِحْدَاهُمَا كَانَتْ مَكْسُورَةً، فَالثَّانِيَةُ تَصِيرُ يَاءً جَوَازًا، مِثْلُ: جَاءٍ مِنْ جَائِئٍ، وَإِلَّا فَتَكُونُ وَاوًا، مِثْلُ: أَوَادِمُ مِنْ أَآدِمَ جَمْعُ آدَمَ، وَأَوْمَلُ مِنْ أَأْمَلَ.

The Rule of أَيِمَّةٌ

قَاعِدَةُ أَيِمَّةٍ

When two moving hamzahs come together at the beginning of a word and the second carries kasrah, the second is optionally changed into yāʾ, as in أَيِمَّةٌ for أَئِمَّةٌ.

إِذَا اجْتَمَعَتِ الْهَمْزَتَانِ الْمُتَحَرِّكَتَانِ فِي أَوَّلِ كَلِمَةٍ، وَكَانَتِ الثَّانِيَةُ مَكْسُورَةً، فَتُبْدَلُ الثَّانِيَةُ يَاءً جَوَازًا، مِثْلُ: أَيِمَّةٌ فِي أَئِمَّةٍ.

5. The Rule of خَطِيَّةٌ and مَقْرُوَّةٌ

٥- قَاعِدَةُ خَطِيَّةٍ وَمَقْرُوَّةٍ

When a hamzah occurs after either of the two additional long vowels, wāw or yāʾ, or after the yāʾ of the diminutive, it may optionally be changed into the same kind of letter as the one preceding it, after which assimilation into it is obligatory, as in مَقْرُوَّةٌ from مَقْرُوءَةٌ, خَطِيَّةٌ from خَطِيئَةٌ, and أُفَيِّسٌ from أُفَيْئِسٌ.

إِذَا وَقَعَتِ الْهَمْزَةُ بَعْدَ الْوَاوِ أَوِ الْيَاءِ الْمَدَّتَيْنِ الزَّائِدَتَيْنِ، أَوْ بَعْدَ يَاءِ التَّصْغِيرِ، أُبْدِلَتْ بِمِثْلِ مَا قَبْلَهَا جَوَازًا، وَتُدْغَمُ فِيهَا وُجُوبًا، مِثْلُ: مَقْرُوَّةٌ مِنْ مَقْرُوءَةٍ، وَخَطِيَّةٌ مِنْ خَطِيئَةٍ، وَأُفَيِّسٌ مِنْ أُفَيْئِسٍ.