Lesson Twenty-Seven
Lesson Twenty-Seven
الدَّرْسُ السَّابِعُ وَالْعِشْرُونَ
Continuation of Hollow-Verb Rules and the Beginning of Defective-Verb Rules
تَتِمَّةُ قَوَاعِدِ الْأَجْوَفِ وَبِدَايَةُ قَوَاعِدِ النَّاقِصِ
- The rule of قِيلَ and بِيعَ
٩- قَاعِدَةُ قِيلَ وَبِيعَ
When waw or ya is the middle radical of a passive past verb, its vowel is transferred to the preceding consonant. In a waw-root, the waw then becomes ya after kasrah. It is also permissible to retain ḍammah on the first radical with the corresponding change, and a third option is ishmaam, a pronunciation combining a trace of ḍammah with kasrah.
إِذَا كَانَتِ الْوَاوُ أَوِ الْيَاءُ عَيْنَ الْمَاضِي الْمَجْهُولِ نُقِلَتْ حَرَكَتُهُمَا إِلَى مَا قَبْلَهُمَا. وَفِي الْوَاوِيِّ تُقْلَبُ الْوَاوُ يَاءً بَعْدَ الْكَسْرَةِ. وَيَجُوزُ أَيْضًا إِبْقَاءُ ضَمَّةِ الْفَاءِ مَعَ قَلْبِ الْيَاءِ وَاوًا، وَيَجُوزُ الْإِشْمَامُ بَيْنَ الضَّمِّ وَالْكَسْرِ.
قُوِلَ ← قِيلَ، بُيِعَ ← بِيعَ؛ وَيُجَازُ قُولَ / بُوعَ وَالْإِشْمَامُ.
Benefit: the change in ustujīra is not governed by this rule but by the earlier rule of vowel transfer, so the three alternatives do not apply there.
فَائِدَةٌ: لَا تُعَدُّ حَرَكَةُ «اُسْتُجِيرَ» مِنْ هَذِهِ الْقَاعِدَةِ، بَلْ مِنْ قَاعِدَةِ نَقْلِ الْحَرَكَةِ السَّابِقَةِ؛ فَلَا تَجْرِي فِيهَا الْأَوْجُهُ الثَّلَاثَةُ.
The rule of قُلْنَ, بِعْنَ, and خِفْنَ
قَاعِدَةُ قُلْنَ وَبِعْنَ وَخِفْنَ
The waw or ya drops because two sakin letters meet in feminine-plural-type forms. The first radical carries ḍammah in a waw-root with open middle vowel, and kasrah in a ya-root or a root whose middle vowel is kasrah.
تَسْقُطُ الْوَاوُ أَوِ الْيَاءُ لِالْتِقَاءِ السَّاكِنَيْنِ فِي صِيَغِ جَمْعِ الْمُؤَنَّثِ وَمَا يَجْرِي مَجْرَاهَا. وَتُضَمُّ الْفَاءُ فِي الْوَاوِيِّ الْمَفْتُوحِ الْعَيْنِ، وَتُكْسَرُ فِي الْيَائِيِّ وَالْمَكْسُورِ الْعَيْنِ.
- The rule of يَدْعُو and يَرْمِي
١٠- قَاعِدَةُ يَدْعُو وَيَرْمِي
This rule has three parts. First, a final waw or ya is made sakin after ḍammah or kasrah in the relevant present-tense forms and in the active participle; after fatḥah it changes to alif.
لِهَذِهِ الْقَاعِدَةِ ثَلَاثَةُ أَجْزَاءٍ: أَوَّلُهَا إِسْكَانُ الْوَاوِ أَوِ الْيَاءِ إِذَا وَقَعَتَا لَامًا لِلْفِعْلِ بَعْدَ الضَّمَّةِ أَوِ الْكَسْرَةِ فِي بَعْضِ صِيَغِ الْمُضَارِعِ وَاسْمِ الْفَاعِلِ؛ وَإِذَا انْفَتَحَ مَا قَبْلَهُمَا انْقَلَبَتَا أَلِفًا.
Second, when two waws meet after ḍammah or two yas after kasrah, the first is made sakin and then deleted because two sakin letters meet.
وَالثَّانِي: إِذَا اجْتَمَعَتْ وَاوَانِ بَعْدَ الضَّمِّ أَوْ يَاءَانِ بَعْدَ الْكَسْرِ، سُكِّنَتِ الْأُولَى وَحُذِفَتْ لِالْتِقَاءِ السَّاكِنَيْنِ.
يَدْعُوُونَ ← يَدْعُونَ، تَرْمِيِينَ ← تَرْمِينَ.
Third, when a moving waw after ḍammah meets a sakin ya, or a moving ya after kasrah meets a sakin waw, the vowel is transferred, the two weak letters are made of one type, and the first is then deleted because two sakin letters meet.
وَالثَّالِثُ: إِذَا اجْتَمَعَتْ وَاوٌ مُتَحَرِّكَةٌ بَعْدَ الضَّمِّ مَعَ يَاءٍ سَاكِنَةٍ، أَوْ يَاءٌ مُتَحَرِّكَةٌ بَعْدَ الْكَسْرِ مَعَ وَاوٍ سَاكِنَةٍ، نُقِلَتِ الْحَرَكَةُ وَوُحِّدَ جِنْسُ الْحَرْفَيْنِ ثُمَّ حُذِفَتِ الْأُولَى لِالْتِقَاءِ السَّاكِنَيْنِ.
تَدْعُوِينَ ← تَدْعِينَ، يَرْمِيُونَ ← يَرْمُونَ، لَقِيُوا ← لَقُوا، رَمِيُوا ← رَمَوْا.
- The rule of دُعِيَ and دَاعِيَة
١١- قَاعِدَةُ دُعِيَ وَدَاعِيَةٍ
When waw occurs finally as the last radical after kasrah, it changes to ya.
إِذَا وَقَعَتِ الْوَاوُ طَرَفًا - أَيْ لَامَ الْكَلِمَةِ - بَعْدَ كَسْرَةٍ قُلِبَتْ يَاءً.
دُعِوَ ← دُعِيَ، دَاعِوَانِ ← دَاعِيَانِ، دَاعِوَةٌ ← دَاعِيَةٌ.