Lesson Twenty-Seven

Lesson Twenty-Seven

الدَّرْسُ السَّابِعُ وَالْعِشْرُونَ

9. The Rule of قِيلَ and بِيعَ

٩- قَاعِدَةُ قِيلَ وَبِيعَ

A. If wāw or yā occurs as the middle radical of the passive past tense, its vowel is transferred to the letter before it, and the wāw becomes yā in accordance with the rule of مِيعَادٍ, as in: قِيلَ، بِيعَ، اخْتِيرَ, and انْقِيدَ, from قُوِلَ، بُيِعَ، اخْتُيِرَ, and انْقُوِدَ.

أ- إِذَا كَانَتِ الْوَاوُ أَوِ الْيَاءُ فِي عَيْنِ الْمَاضِي الْمَجْهُولِ تُنْقَلُ حَرَكَتُهُمَا إِلَى مَا قَبْلَهُمَا، وَتَصِيرُ الْوَاوُ يَاءً طِبْقًا لِـ “مِيعَادٍ”، مِثْلُ: “قِيلَ وَبِيعَ وَاخْتِيرَ وَانْقِيدَ”، مِنْ قُوِلَ وَبُيِعَ وَاخْتُيِرَ وَانْقُوِدَ.

B. It is also permissible to leave the vowel of the preceding letter unchanged, while making the yā or wāw quiescent is also permissible. The yā then becomes wāw in accordance with the rule of مُوسِرٍ (Rule 3), as in: قُولَ، بُوعَ، انْقُودَ, and اخْتُورَ.

ب- وَيَجُوزُ إِبْقَاءُ حَرَكَةِ مَا قَبْلَهُمَا عَلَى حَالِهَا، مَعَ جَوَازِ إِسْكَانِ الْيَاءِ وَالْوَاوِ، فَتَصِيرُ الْيَاءُ وَاوًا، طِبْقًا لِـ “مُوسِرٍ” (ق: ٣)، مِثْلُ: “قُولَ، وَبُوعَ، وَانْقُودَ، وَاخْتُورَ”.

C. It is likewise permissible to combine an indication of ḍammah with kasrah on the qāf and bā in the case of substitution. This means pronouncing قِيلَ and بِيعَ in such a way that a trace of ḍammah is present within the kasrah. A condition of this rule is that the weak-letter change must also occur in the active form. Therefore, it does not apply to اعْتُوِرَ.

ج- وَهَكَذَا يَجُوزُ إِشْمَامُ الضَّمَّةِ مَعَ الْكَسْرَةِ عَلَى الْقَافِ وَالْبَاءِ فِي صُورَةِ الْإِبْدَالِ - وَهُوَ أَنْ تُؤَدَّى “قِيلَ وَبِيعَ” عَلَى نَحْوٍ تُوجَدُ فِيهِمَا رِيحُ الضَّمَّةِ فِي الْكَسْرَةِ - وَالشَّرْطُ فِي هَذِهِ الْقَاعِدَةِ جَرَيَانُ التَّعْلِيلِ فِي الْمَعْرُوفِ، وَلِذَا لَا يَجْرِي فِي “اعْتُوِرَ”.

The Benefit: The vowel in the passive form of the istifʿāl pattern, اُسْتُخِيرَ from اُسْتَخْيِرَ, was not transferred by this rule, but by Rule 8. Therefore, the three alternatives of this rule, namely قِيلَ، قُولَ, and ishmaam, do not apply to it.

الْفَائِدَةُ: لَمْ تُنْقَلِ الْحَرَكَةُ فِي مَجْهُولِ الِاسْتِفْعَالِ - اُسْتُخِيرَ مِنْ اُسْتَخْيِرَ - بِهَذِهِ الْقَاعِدَةِ، بَلْ بِالثَّامِنَةِ، فَلِذَا لَا تَجْرِي فِيهِ الْأَحْوَالُ الثَّلَاثَةُ لِهَذِهِ الْقَاعِدَةِ، مِنْ: قِيلَ، وَقُولَ، وَالْإِشْمَامِ.

The Rule of قُلْنَ، طُلْنَ، خِفْنَ, and بِعْنَ

قَاعِدَةُ قُلْنَ طُلْنَ وَخِفْنَ بِعْنَ:

These yā and wāw letters are dropped because two quiescent letters meet, from the third-person feminine plural through the final form. The first radical is given ḍammah in a wāw-derived verb whose middle radical has fatḥah, and it is given kasrah without restriction in a yā-derived verb and in a verb whose middle radical has kasrah. The active and passive forms become identical, as in: قُلْنَ through قُلْتُ and قُلْنَا; خِفْنَ through خِفْتُ and خِفْنَا; and بِعْنَ through بِعْتُ and بِعْنَا.

هَذِهِ الْيَاءُ وَالْوَاوُ تَسْقُطَانِ؛ لِالْتِقَاءِ السَّاكِنَيْنِ مِنْ جَمْعِ الْمُؤَنَّثِ الْغَائِبِ إِلَى الْأَخِيرِ، وَتُضَمُّ الْفَاءُ فِي الْوَاوِيِّ الْمَفْتُوحِ الْعَيْنِ، وَتُكْسَرُ فِي الْيَائِيِّ وَمَكْسُورِ الْعَيْنِ مُطْلَقًا، وَتَصِيرُ صِيَغُ الْمَعْرُوفِ وَالْمَجْهُولِ عَلَى هَيْئَةٍ وَاحِدَةٍ، مِثْلُ: “قُلْنَ” … إِلَى قُلْتُ وَقُلْنَا، وَ“خِفْنَ” … إِلَى خِفْتُ وَخِفْنَا، وَ“بِعْنَ” … إِلَى بِعْتُ وَبِعْنَا.

10. The Rule of يَدْعُو and يَرْمِي

١٠- قَاعِدَةُ يَدْعُو وَيَرْمِي

This rule has three parts:

إِنَّ هَذِهِ الْقَاعِدَةَ ثَلَاثَةُ أَجْزَاءٍ:

A. Whenever wāw or yā occurs after ḍammah or kasrah as the final radical of the verb in يَفْعَلُ، تَفْعَلُ، تَفْعَلُ، أَفْعَلُ, and نَفْعَلُ, its vowel is removed, as in: يَدْعُو and يَرْمِي, from يَدْعُوُ and يَرْمِيُ. If either occurs after fatḥah, it necessarily becomes alif in accordance with the rule of قَالَ and بَاعَ (Rule 7), as in: يَرْضَى and يَخْشَى, from يَرْضَوُ and يَخْشَيُ.

أ- كُلُّ “وَاوٍ وَيَاءٍ” إِذَا وَقَعَتَا بَعْدَ الضَّمَّةِ أَوِ الْكَسْرَةِ مَكَانَ “لَامِ” الْفِعْلِ فِي يَفْعَلُ وَتَفْعَلُ وَتَفْعَلُ وَأَفْعَلُ وَنَفْعَلُ، حُذِفَتْ حَرَكَتُهُمَا، مِثْلُ: يَدْعُو وَيَرْمِي مِنْ يَدْعُوُ وَيَرْمِيُ، وَإِذَا وَقَعَتَا بَعْدَ الْفَتْحَةِ تَصِيرَانِ أَلِفًا وُجُوبًا طِبْقًا لِـ “قَالَ وَبَاعَ” (ق: ٧)، مِثْلُ: يَرْضَى وَيَخْشَى مِنْ يَرْضَوُ وَيَخْشَيُ.

B. If a moving wāw occurs after ḍammah and before another quiescent wāw, or a moving yā occurs after kasrah and before another quiescent yā, both necessarily become quiescent and are then dropped because two quiescent letters meet, as in: يَدْعُونَ and تَرْمِينَ, from يَدْعُوُونَ and تَرْمِيِينَ.

ب- إِذَا وَقَعَتِ الْوَاوُ الْمُتَحَرِّكَةُ بَعْدَ الضَّمَّةِ وَقَبْلَ وَاوٍ سَاكِنَةٍ أُخْرَى، أَوِ الْيَاءُ الْمُتَحَرِّكَةُ بَعْدَ الْكَسْرَةِ وَقَبْلَ يَاءٍ سَاكِنَةٍ أُخْرَى، فَكِلْتَاهُمَا تَسْكُنَانِ وُجُوبًا ثُمَّ تَسْقُطَانِ؛ لِاجْتِمَاعِ السَّاكِنَيْنِ، مِثْلُ: “يَدْعُونَ وَتَرْمِينَ” مِنْ يَدْعُوُونَ وَتَرْمِيِينَ.

C. If a moving wāw occurs after ḍammah and is followed by a quiescent yā, as in تَدْعُوِينَ, or a moving yā occurs after kasrah and is followed by a quiescent wāw, as in يَرْمِيُونَ, the vowel of the wāw or yā is transferred to the preceding letter after that letter has been made quiescent. The wāw is then changed into yā, and the yā into wāw, after which the first of the two is dropped because two quiescent letters meet, as in: تَدْعِينَ and يَرْمُونَ, from تَدْعُوِينَ and يَرْمِيُونَ; and لَقُوا and رَمَوْا, from لَقِيُوا and رَمِيُوا.

ج- إِذَا وَقَعَتْ وَاوٌ مُتَحَرِّكَةٌ بَعْدَ الضَّمَّةِ وَبَعْدَهَا يَاءٌ سَاكِنَةٌ، مِثْلُ: تَدْعُوِينَ، أَوْ يَاءٌ مُتَحَرِّكَةٌ بَعْدَ الْكَسْرَةِ وَبَعْدَهَا وَاوٌ سَاكِنَةٌ، مِثْلُ: يَرْمِيُونَ، تُنْقَلُ حَرَكَةُ “الْوَاوِ وَالْيَاءِ” إِلَى مَا قَبْلَهُمَا بَعْدَ إِسْكَانِهِ، فَتُبَدَّلُ الْوَاوُ يَاءً، وَالْيَاءُ وَاوًا، ثُمَّ تَسْقُطُ الْأُولَى مِنْهُمَا؛ لِاجْتِمَاعِ السَّاكِنَيْنِ، مِثْلُ: “تَدْعِينَ وَيَرْمُونَ” مِنْ تَدْعُوِينَ وَيَرْمِيُونَ، وَ“لَقُوا وَرَمَوْا” مِنْ لَقِيُوا وَرَمِيُوا.

11. The Rule of دُعِيَ and دَاعِيَةٍ

١١- قَاعِدَةُ دُعِيَ وَدَاعِيَةٍ

If wāw occurs at the end, as the final radical of the word, after kasrah, it becomes yā, as in: دُعِيَ، دُعِيَا، دَاعِيَانِ, and دَاعِيَةٌ, from دُعِوَ, and so forth.

إِذَا وَقَعَتِ الْوَاوُ فِي الطَّرَفِ - فِي لَامِ الْكَلِمَةِ - بَعْدَ الْكَسْرَةِ تَصِيرُ يَاءً، مِثْلُ: دُعِيَ، دُعِيَا، دَاعِيَانِ، دَاعِيَةٌ مِنْ دُعِوَ … إِلَخ.