Lesson Forty

Lesson Forty

الدَّرْسُ الْأَرْبَعُونَ

Chapter Three: The Doubled Verb

الْفَصْلُ الثَّالِثُ: الْمُضَاعَفُ

It comprises three sections: 1. The rules of the doubled verb. 2. The conjugations of the doubled verb. 3. Combinations of the doubled verb with hamzated and weak verbs.

وَهُوَ مُشْتَمِلٌ عَلَى ثَلَاثَةِ أَقْسَامٍ: ١- قَوَاعِدُ الْمُضَاعَفِ. ٢- تَصَارِيفُ الْمُضَاعَفِ. ٣- مُرَكَّبَاتُ الْمُضَاعَفِ مَعَ الْمَهْمُوزِ وَالْمُعْتَلِّ.

Section One: The Rules

الْقِسْمُ الْأَوَّلُ الْقَوَاعِدُ

1. The Rule of مَدَّ and شَدَّ

١- قَاعِدَةُ مَدَّ وَشَدَّ

When the first of two letters of the same kind or of close articulation is vowelless, it is assimilated into the second. This applies whether they occur in one word, such as مَدَّ، شَدَّ and عَبَتُّمْ, or in two words, such as اِذْهَبْ بِنَا، وَعِظْهُ and وَكَأَنَّهُ. The exception is when the vowelless letter is a long-vowel letter; it is then not assimilated, as in فِي يَوْمٍ.

إِذَا كَانَ أَوَّلُ الْمُتَجَانِسَيْنِ أَوِ الْمُتَقَارِبَيْنِ سَاكِنًا يُدْغَمُ فِي الثَّانِي، سَوَاءٌ كَانَ فِي كَلِمَةٍ وَاحِدَةٍ، كَـ “مَدَّ وَشَدَّ وَعَبَتُّمْ”، أَوْ فِي كَلِمَتَيْنِ، كَـ “اِذْهَبْ بِنَا، وَعِظْهُ وَكَأَنَّهُ”، إِلَّا إِذَا كَانَ السَّاكِنُ حَرْفَ مَدَّةٍ فَحِينَئِذٍ لَمْ يُدْغَمْ، كَـ “فِي يَوْمٍ”.

2. The Rule of مَدَّ and فَرَّ

٢- قَاعِدَةُ مَدَّ وَفَرَّ

When two letters of the same kind occur in one word, both are vowelled, and the letter before them is also vowelled, the first is made vowelless and assimilated into the second, such as مَدَّ and فَرَّ. This does not apply, however, when they occur in a noun whose middle radical is vowelled, such as شَرَرٌ and سُرُرٌ.

إِذَا اجْتَمَعَ الْحَرْفَانِ الْمُتَجَانِسَانِ فِي كَلِمَةٍ وَاحِدَةٍ، وَكَانَا مُتَحَرِّكَيْنِ وَقَبْلَهُمَا أَيْضًا مُتَحَرِّكٌ، فَيُسَكَّنُ الْأَوَّلُ وَيُدْغَمُ فِي الثَّانِي، مِثْلُ: مَدَّ وَفَرَّ، إِلَّا إِذَا كَانَا فِي اسْمٍ مُتَحَرِّكِ الْعَيْنِ فَلَا، مِثْلُ: شَرَرٌ وَسُرُرٌ.

3. The Rule of يَمُدُّ and يَفِرُّ

٣- قَاعِدَةُ يَمُدُّ وَيَفِرُّ

When two letters of the same kind occur in one word and the letter before the first is vowelless but is not a long-vowel letter, the vowel of the first is transferred to the letter before it; the first is then assimilated into the second, such as يَمُدُّ، يَفِرُّ and يَعَضُّ. The exception is when they occur in a word annexed to another morphological pattern, such as جَلْبَبَ.

إِذَا اجْتَمَعَ الْحَرْفَانِ الْمُتَجَانِسَانِ فِي كَلِمَةٍ وَاحِدَةٍ وَكَانَ مَا قَبْلَ الْأَوَّلِ سَاكِنًا غَيْرَ مَدَّةٍ، فَحِينَئِذٍ تُنْقَلُ حَرَكَةُ الْأَوَّلِ إِلَى مَا قَبْلَهُ، ثُمَّ يُدْغَمُ فِي الثَّانِي، مِثْلُ: يَمُدُّ وَيَفِرُّ وَيَعَضُّ، إِلَّا إِذَا كَانَا فِي كَلِمَةٍ مُلْحَقَةٍ فَلَا، مِثْلُ: جَلْبَبَ.

4. The Rule of حَاجَّ and مُوَدٌّ

٤- قَاعِدَةُ حَاجَّ وَمُوَدٌّ

When two letters of the same kind or of close articulation occur, both are vowelled, and an added long-vowel letter precedes the first, the vowel of the first is omitted and it is assimilated into the second, such as حَاجَّ and مُوَدٌّ. Their original forms were حَاجَجَ and مُوْدِدٌ.

إِذَا اجْتَمَعَ الْحَرْفَانِ الْمُتَجَانِسَانِ أَوِ الْمُتَقَارِبَانِ وَكَانَا مُتَحَرِّكَيْنِ، وَمَا قَبْلَ الْأَوَّلِ حَرْفُ مَدَّةٍ زَائِدَةٍ، تُحْذَفُ حَرَكَةُ الْأَوَّلِ وَيُدْغَمُ فِي الثَّانِي، مِثْلُ: حَاجَّ وَمُوَدٌّ، كَانَا فِي الْأَصْلِ حَاجَجَ وَمُوْدِدٌ.

5. The Rule of لَمْ يَمُدَّ and لَمْ يَفِرَّ

٥- قَاعِدَةُ لَمْ يَمُدَّ وَلَمْ يَفِرَّ

If, after assimilation, the second letter is affected by pausing on an imperative or by the jussive operation of a jussive particle, the second may take fatḥah or kasrah, or the assimilation may be undone, as in فِرَّ، فِرِّ، اِفْرِرْ، لَمْ يَفِرَّ، لَمْ يَفِرِّ and لَمْ يَفْرِرْ. If the letter before the first is vowelled with ḍammah, ḍammah is also permissible, as in مُدَّ، مُدِّ، مُدُّ، اُمْدُدْ، لَمْ يَمُدَّ، لَمْ يَمُدِّ، لَمْ يَمُدُّ and لَمْ يَمْدُدْ. Thus there are four forms, as you can see.

إِذَا جَاءَ عَلَى الْحَرْفِ الثَّانِي بَعْدَ الْإِدْغَامِ وَقْفُ الْأَمْرِ أَوْ جَزْمُ جَازِمٍ يَجُوزُ فِي الثَّانِي الْفَتْحَةُ وَالْكَسْرَةُ وَفَكُّ الْإِدْغَامِ، مِثْلُ: فِرَّ، فِرِّ، اِفْرِرْ، وَلَمْ يَفِرَّ، لَمْ يَفِرِّ، لَمْ يَفْرِرْ، وَإِذَا كَانَ قَبْلَ الْأَوَّلِ مَضْمُومًا تَجُوزُ الضَّمَّةُ أَيْضًا، مِثْلُ: مُدَّ، مُدِّ، مُدُّ، اُمْدُدْ، وَلَمْ يَمُدَّ، وَلَمْ يَمُدِّ، لَمْ يَمُدُّ، لَمْ يَمْدُدْ، فَصَارَتْ أَرْبَعَ أَحْوَالٍ كَمَا تَرَى.