Lesson One

Lesson One

الدَّرْسُ الْأَوَّلُ

Introduction

الْمُقَدِّمَةُ

The Word and Its Divisions

الْكَلِمَةُ وَأَقْسَامُهَا

A word is an expression assigned to a single meaning. It is divided into three categories: verb, noun, and particle.

الْكَلِمَةُ: لَفْظٌ مَوْضُوعٌ لِمَعْنًى مُفْرَدٍ، وَهِيَ عَلَى ثَلَاثَةِ أَقْسَامٍ: فِعْلٌ، وَاسْمٌ، وَحَرْفٌ.

A verb is a word that indicates an independent meaning connected with one of the three times, such as: «ضَرَبَ يَضْرِبُ».

الْفِعْلُ: كَلِمَةٌ تَدُلُّ عَلَى مَعْنًى مُسْتَقِلٍّ مُقْتَرِنٍ بِأَحَدِ الْأَزْمِنَةِ الثَّلَاثَةِ، كَـ «ضَرَبَ يَضْرِبُ».

A noun is a word that indicates an independent meaning that is not connected with any of the three times, such as: «زَيْدٌ وَبَكْرٌ».

الِاسْمُ: كَلِمَةٌ تَدُلُّ عَلَى مَعْنًى مُسْتَقِلٍّ غَيْرِ مُقْتَرِنٍ بِأَحَدِ الْأَزْمِنَةِ الثَّلَاثَةِ، كَـ «زَيْدٌ وَبَكْرٌ».

A particle is a word that indicates a non-independent meaning, and its meaning is not understood without joining another word to it, such as: «مِنْ، وَإِلَى، وَعَنْ».

الْحَرْفُ: كَلِمَةٌ تَدُلُّ عَلَى مَعْنًى غَيْرِ مُسْتَقِلٍّ، وَلَا يُفْهَمُ مَعْنَاهُ بِدُونِ ضَمِّ كَلِمَةٍ أُخْرَى، كَـ «مِنْ، وَإِلَى، وَعَنْ».

The First Division of the Verb

التَّقْسِيمُ الْأَوَّلُ لِلْفِعْلِ

Firstly, with regard to its meaning and time, the verb is divided into three categories: the past tense, the present/future tense, and the imperative.

وَهُوَ أَوَّلًا بِاعْتِبَارِ مَعْنَاهُ وَزَمَانِهِ يَنْقَسِمُ إِلَى ثَلَاثَةِ أَقْسَامٍ: الْمَاضِي، وَالْمُضَارِعُ، وَالْأَمْرُ.

The past tense is a verb that indicates the occurrence of the meaning in a preceding time, such as: فَعَلَ.

الْمَاضِي: هُوَ فِعْلٌ يَدُلُّ عَلَى وُقُوعِ الْمَعْنَى فِي الزَّمَنِ السَّابِقِ، مِثْلَ: فَعَلَ.

The present/future tense is a verb that indicates the occurrence of the meaning in the present or future time, such as: يَفْعَلُ.

وَالْمُضَارِعُ: هُوَ فِعْلٌ يَدُلُّ عَلَى وُقُوعِ الْمَعْنَى فِي الزَّمَنِ الْحَاضِرِ أَوِ الْمُسْتَقْبَلِ، مِثْلَ: يَفْعَلُ.

The imperative is a verb that indicates a request for an action from the addressed doer in the future, such as: اِفْعَلْ.

الْأَمْرُ: هُوَ فِعْلٌ يَدُلُّ عَلَى طَلَبِ فِعْلٍ مِنَ الْفَاعِلِ الْمُخَاطَبِ فِي الزَّمَنِ الْمُسْتَقْبَلِ، نَحْوَ: اِفْعَلْ.

The Second Division of the Verb

التَّقْسِيمُ الثَّانِي لِلْفِعْلِ

A. If, in the past or present/future tense, the action is ascribed to the doer, it is active, such as: «ضَرَبَ وَيَضْرِبُ».

أ- إِنْ كَانَتْ نِسْبَةُ الْفِعْلِ فِي الْمَاضِي أَوِ الْمُضَارِعِ إِلَى الْفَاعِلِ يَكُونُ مَعْرُوفًا، مِثْلًا: «ضَرَبَ وَيَضْرِبُ».

B. If it is ascribed to the object, it is passive, such as: «ضُرِبَ وَيُضْرَبُ».

ب- وَإِنْ كَانَتْ إِلَى الْمَفْعُولِ فَمَجْهُولًا، مِثْلَ: «ضُرِبَ وَيُضْرَبُ».

Note: The imperative occurs only in the active and affirmative forms.

الْمَلْحُوظَةُ: أَمَّا الْأَمْرُ فَهُوَ لَا يَأْتِي إِلَّا مَعْرُوفًا وَمُثْبَتًا.

The Third Division of the Verb

التَّقْسِيمُ الثَّالِثُ لِلْفِعْلِ

The past and present/future verbs, whether active or passive, are divided into two categories: affirmative and negative.

الْفِعْلُ الْمَاضِي وَالْمُضَارِعُ، مَعْرُوفًا كَانَ أَوْ مَجْهُولًا، عَلَى قِسْمَيْنِ: الْمُثْبَتُ وَالْمَنْفِيُّ.

The affirmative is that which indicates the established occurrence of the action, such as: «ضَرَبَ وَيَضْرِبُ».

فَالْمُثْبَتُ: هُوَ الَّذِي يَدُلُّ عَلَى ثُبُوتِ وُقُوعِ الْفِعْلِ، كَـ «ضَرَبَ وَيَضْرِبُ».

The negative is that which indicates the negation of the occurrence of the action, such as: «مَا ضَرَبَ وَلَا يَضْرِبُ».

وَالْمَنْفِيُّ: الَّذِي يَدُلُّ عَلَى نَفْيِ وُقُوعِ الْفِعْلِ، كَـ «مَا ضَرَبَ وَلَا يَضْرِبُ».