Lesson Thirteen

Lesson Thirteen

الدَّرْسُ الثَّالِثُ عَشَرَ

Rules Specific to اِفْتِعَال

قَوَاعِدُ تَخْتَصُّ بِـ«الِافْتِعَالِ»

1. The rule of اِدَّكَرَ and اِذَّكَرَ

١- قَاعِدَةُ اِدَّكَرَ وَاِذَّكَرَ

If the first radical of the اِفْتِعَال pattern is dāl, dhāl, or zāy, the tāʾ of اِفْتِعَال is changed into dāl. In the case of dāl, the dāl is obligatorily assimilated into the dāl, as in: اِدَّعَى from اِدْتَعَى.

إِذَا كَانَتْ «فَاءُ» الِافْتِعَالِ «دَالًا أَوْ ذَالًا أَوْ زَايًا» تُبْدَلُ «تَاءُ» الِافْتِعَالِ بِالدَّالِ، فَفِي صُورَةِ «الدَّالِ» تُدْغَمُ الدَّالُ فِي الدَّالِ وُجُوبًا، مِثْلُ: اِدَّعَى مِنِ اِدْتَعَى.

Dhāl has three states: (a) It is changed into dāl and assimilated into it, as in: اِدَّكَرَ from اِذْدَكَرَ. (b) Sometimes it is not changed, but remains in its original state, as in: اِذْدَكَرَ. (c) Sometimes the dāl that replaced the tāʾ is changed into dhāl; the dāl is then assimilated into the dhāl, as in: اِذَّكَرَ from اِذْدَكَرَ.

وَلِلذَّالِ ثَلَاثُ حَالَاتٍ: أ- تُبْدَلُ بِالدَّالِ وَتُدْغَمُ فِيهَا، مِثْلُ: اِدَّكَرَ مِنِ اِذْدَكَرَ. ب- وَأَحْيَانًا لَا تُبْدَلُ، بَلْ تَبْقَى عَلَى حَالِهَا، مِثْلُ: اِذْدَكَرَ. ج- وَأَحْيَانًا تُبْدَلُ الدَّالُ - الْمُبْدَلَةُ عَنِ التَّاءِ - بِالذَّالِ، ثُمَّ تُدْغَمُ الدَّالُ فِي الذَّالِ، مِثْلُ: اِذَّكَرَ مِنِ اِذْدَكَرَ.

Zāy has two states: (a) Sometimes it remains in its original state, as in: اِزْدَجَرَ from اِزْتَجَرَ. (b) Sometimes the dāl is changed into zāy and assimilated into it, as in: اِزَّجَرَ from اِزْدَجَرَ.

وَلِلزَّايِ حَالَتَانِ: أ- أَحْيَانًا تَبْقَى عَلَى حَالِهَا، مِثْلُ: اِزْدَجَرَ مِنِ اِزْتَجَرَ. ب- وَأَحْيَانًا تُبْدَلُ «الدَّالُ» بِالزَّايِ وَتُدْغَمُ فِيهَا، مِثْلُ: اِزَّجَرَ مِنِ اِزْدَجَرَ.

2. The rule of اِطَّلَبَ and اِظَّلَمَ

٢- قَاعِدَةُ اِطَّلَبَ وَاِظَّلَمَ

If the first radical of the اِفْتِعَال pattern is ṣād, ḍād, ṭāʾ, or ẓāʾ, the tāʾ of اِفْتِعَال is changed into ṭāʾ. In the case of ṭāʾ, the ṭāʾ is obligatorily assimilated into the ṭāʾ, as in: اِطَّلَبَ from اِطْتَلَبَ.

إِذَا كَانَتْ «فَاءُ» الِافْتِعَالِ «صَادًا أَوْ ضَادًا أَوْ طَاءً أَوْ ظَاءً» فَـ«تَاءُ» الِافْتِعَالِ تُبْدَلُ بِالطَّاءِ، فَفِي صُورَةِ «الطَّاءِ» تُدْغَمُ الطَّاءُ فِي الطَّاءِ وُجُوبًا، مِثْلُ: اِطَّلَبَ مِنِ اِطْتَلَبَ.

Ẓāʾ has three states: (a) It is changed into ṭāʾ and assimilated into it, as in: اِطَّلَمَ from اِظْطَلَمَ. (b) It remains in its original state, as in: اِظْطَلَمَ from اِظْتَلَمَ. (c) Sometimes the ṭāʾ is changed into ẓāʾ and assimilated into it, as in: اِظَّلَمَ from اِظْطَلَمَ.

وَلِلظَّاءِ ثَلَاثُ حَالَاتٍ: أ- تُبْدَلُ بِالطَّاءِ وَتُدْغَمُ فِيهَا، مِثْلُ: اِطَّلَمَ مِنِ اِظْطَلَمَ. ب- تَبْقَى عَلَى حَالِهَا، مِثْلُ: اِظْطَلَمَ مِنِ اِظْتَلَمَ. ج- وَأَحْيَانًا تُبْدَلُ الطَّاءُ بِالظَّاءِ وَتُدْغَمُ فِيهَا، مِثْلُ: اِظَّلَمَ مِنِ اِظْطَلَمَ.

Ṣād and ḍād have two states: (a) Sometimes each remains in its original state, as in: اِصْطَبَرَ from اِصْتَبَرَ, and اِضْطَرَبَ from اِضْتَرَبَ. (b) Sometimes the ṭāʾ that replaced the tāʾ is changed into either of them and then assimilated into it, as in: اِصَّبَرَ from اِصْطَبَرَ, and اِضَّرَبَ from اِضْطَرَبَ.

وَلِلصَّادِ وَالضَّادِ حَالَتَانِ: أ- أَحْيَانًا يَبْقَى كُلُّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا عَلَى حَالِهِ، مِثْلُ: اِصْطَبَرَ مِنِ اِصْتَبَرَ، وَاضْطَرَبَ مِنِ اِضْتَرَبَ. ب- وَأَحْيَانًا تُبْدَلُ الطَّاءُ - الْمُبْدَلَةُ عَنِ التَّاءِ - بِهِمَا، ثُمَّ تُدْغَمُ فِيهِمَا، مِثْلُ: اِصَّبَرَ مِنِ اِصْطَبَرَ، وَاضَّرَبَ مِنِ اِضْطَرَبَ.

3. The rule of اِثَّأَرَ and اِثْتَأَرَ

٣- قَاعِدَةُ اِثَّأَرَ وَاِثْتَأَرَ

If the first radical of the اِفْتِعَال pattern is thāʾ, the tāʾ may be changed into thāʾ and then assimilated into it, as in: اِثَّأَرَ from اِثْتَأَرَ.

إِذَا كَانَتْ «فَاءُ» الِافْتِعَالِ «ثَاءً» تُبْدَلُ التَّاءُ ثَاءً جَوَازًا، ثُمَّ تُدْغَمُ فِيهَا، مِثْلُ: اِثَّأَرَ مِنِ اِثْتَأَرَ.