Lesson Fifty-Two

الدَّرْسُ الثَّانِي وَالْخَمْسُونَ

Forms of the Augmented Triliteral with هَمْزَةُ الْوَصْلِ

أَبْوَابُ الثُّلَاثِيِّ الْمَزِيدِ فِيهِ بِهَمْزَةِ وَصْلٍ

12. Meanings of the اِفْتِعَال Form

١٢- مَعَانِي بَابِ الِافْتِعَالِ

1. It is used as the resultative counterpart of فَعَلَ and فَعَّلَ, as in جَمَعْتُهُ فَاجْتَمَعَ and غَمَمْتُهُ فَاغْتَمَّ.

١- يَأْتِي لِمُطَاوَعَةِ فَعَلَ وَفَعَّلَ: نَحْوُ: جَمَعْتُهُ فَاجْتَمَعَ، وَغَمَمْتُهُ فَاغْتَمَّ.

2. For deriving a verb from a noun in the sense of adoption: as in اِخْتَبَزَ and اِخْتَدَمَ, meaning that he took bread and a servant. Adoption also has the following other forms:

٢- لِاتِّخَاذِ الْفِعْلِ مِنَ الِاسْمِ: نَحْوُ: اِخْتَبَزَ وَاخْتَدَمَ، أَيْ اتَّخَذَ الْخُبْزَ وَالْخَادِمَ، وَلِلِاتِّخَاذِ صُوَرٌ أُخْرَى أَيْضًا:

Building what the source denotes: as in اِحْتَجَرَ الْفَأْرُ, meaning that the mouse built a burrow; and اِحْتَجَرَ زَيْدٌ, meaning that Zayd built a chamber.

أ- بِنَاءُ الْمَأْخَذِ: نَحْوُ: اِحْتَجَرَ الْفَأْرُ، أَيْ بَنَى الْجُحْرَ، وَاحْتَجَرَ زَيْدٌ، أَيْ بَنَى الْحُجْرَةَ.

Turning away from what the source denotes: as in اِجْتَنَبَ عَلِيٌّ مِنَ الْكَبَائِرِ, meaning that he turned away from them to one side.

ب- الْمَيْلُ عَنِ الْمَأْخَذِ: نَحْوُ: اِجْتَنَبَ عَلِيٌّ مِنَ الْكَبَائِرِ، أَيْ مَالَ عَنْهَا إِلَى جَانِبٍ.

Making a thing into what the source denotes: as in اِعْتَذَى بَكْرٌ الشَّاةَ, meaning that he made it food.

ج- جَعْلُ الشَّيْءِ مَأْخَذًا: نَحْوُ: اِعْتَذَى بَكْرٌ الشَّاةَ، أَيْ جَعَلَهَا غِذَاءً.

Taking a thing in the place denoted by the source: as in اِعْتَضَدَ بَكْرٌ الصَّبِيَّ, meaning that he took him by the upper arm; and اِحْتَجَرْتُ الطِّفْلَ, meaning that I took him in my lap.

د- قَبْضُ الشَّيْءِ فِي الْمَأْخَذِ: نَحْوُ: اِعْتَضَدَ بَكْرٌ الصَّبِيَّ، أَيْ أَخَذَهُ فِي الْعَضُدِ، وَاحْتَجَرْتُ الطِّفْلَ، أَيْ أَخَذْتُهُ فِي حِجْرِي.

3. For intensification and exertion: this means intensifying and striving to obtain what the source denotes. An example is the saying of Allah Most High, ﴿وَإِذَا قُرِئَ الْقُرْآنُ فَاسْتَمِعُوا لَهُ وَأَنْصِتُوا لَعَلَّكُمْ تُرْحَمُونَ﴾, meaning, ‘When the Qur’an is recited, listen to it and remain silent so that you may receive mercy’ (7:204). Another example is وَاكْتَسَبَ الطُّلَّابُ الْعِلْمَ, meaning that the students strove intensely to acquire knowledge and exerted themselves in it.

٣- لِلْمُبَالَغَةِ وَالتَّصَرُّفِ: وَهُوَ الْمُبَالَغَةُ وَالِاجْتِهَادُ فِي الْحُصُولِ عَلَى الْمَأْخَذِ، نَحْوُ: قَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: ﴿وَإِذَا قُرِئَ الْقُرْآنُ فَاسْتَمِعُوا لَهُ وَأَنْصِتُوا لَعَلَّكُمْ تُرْحَمُونَ﴾ (الْأَعْرَافِ: ٢٠٤)، وَاكْتَسَبَ الطُّلَّابُ الْعِلْمَ؛ أَيْ بَالَغُوا فِي حُصُولِهِ وَاجْتَهَدُوا فِيهِ.

4. For correspondence:

٤- لِلْمُوَافَقَةِ:

Correspondence with فَعَلَ: as in اِبْتَلَجَ الصُّبْحُ and بَلَجَ, meaning that the morning became bright and luminous.

أ- لِمُوَافَقَةِ فَعَلَ: نَحْوُ: اِبْتَلَجَ الصُّبْحُ وَبَلَجَ، أَيْ أَسْفَرَ وَأَنَارَ.

Correspondence with أَفْعَلَ: as in اِحْتَجَزَ زَيْدٌ and أَحْجَزَ, meaning that he came to the Hijaz.

ب- لِمُوَافَقَةِ أَفْعَلَ: نَحْوُ: اِحْتَجَزَ زَيْدٌ وَأَحْجَزَ، أَيْ أَتَى إِلَى الْحِجَازِ.

Correspondence with تَفَعَّلَ: as in اِرْتَدَى بَكْرٌ مِنْ عَمَلِهِ and تَرَدَّى, meaning that he returned.

ج- لِمُوَافَقَةِ تَفَعَّلَ: نَحْوُ: اِرْتَدَى بَكْرٌ مِنْ عَمَلِهِ وَتَرَدَّى، أَيْ رَجَعَ.

Correspondence with تَفَاعَلَ: as in اِخْتَصَمَ and تَخَاصَمَ, and اِجْتَوَرَ and تَجَاوَرَ.

د- لِمُوَافَقَةِ تَفَاعَلَ: نَحْوُ: اِخْتَصَمَ وَتَخَاصَمَ وَاجْتَوَرَ وَتَجَاوَرَ.

Correspondence with اِسْتَفْعَلَ: as in اِئْتَجَرَ and اِسْتَأْجَرَ.

هـ- لِمُوَافَقَةِ اِسْتَفْعَلَ: نَحْوُ: اِئْتَجَرَ وَاسْتَأْجَرَ.

5. For manifestation: as in اِعْتَذَرَ الطَّالِبُ أَمَامَ الْأُسْتَاذِ and اِعْتَظَمَ, meaning that he manifested an excuse and greatness.

٥- لِلْإِظْهَارِ: نَحْوُ: اِعْتَذَرَ الطَّالِبُ أَمَامَ الْأُسْتَاذِ وَاعْتَظَمَ، أَيْ أَظْهَرَ الْعُذْرَ وَالْعَظَمَةَ.

6. For initial usage: as in اِسْتَلَمَ الْحَاجُّ الْحَجَرَ, meaning that the pilgrim kissed the Stone. The unaugmented سَلِمَ, from the pattern سَمِعَ, means that one was safe from harm and free of it. Another example is اِبْتَجَرَ, meaning that he bent down; it has no unaugmented counterpart.

٦- لِلِابْتِدَاءِ: نَحْوُ: اِسْتَلَمَ الْحَاجُّ الْحَجَرَ، أَيْ قَبَّلَهُ، وَالْمُجَرَّدُ «سَلِمَ» مِنْ «سَمِعَ» مَعْنَاهُ: سَلِمَ مِنَ الْآفَةِ وَبَرِئَ. وَابْتَجَرَ، أَيْ انْحَنَى، لَا مُجَرَّدَ لَهُ.

13. Meanings of the اِسْتِفْعَال Form

١٣- مَعَانِي بَابِ الِاسْتِفْعَالِ

1. It is predominantly used for seeking. Its meaning is to attribute the action to the subject so as to indicate the desire to obtain the event from the object. This is the predominant meaning of this form. The seeking may be literal, as in أَسْتَغْفِرُ اللَّهَ تَعَالَى, meaning, ‘I seek forgiveness from Him’; or figurative, as in اِسْتَخْرَجْتُ الذَّهَبَ مِنَ الْأَرْضِ.

١- يَأْتِي لِلطَّلَبِ غَالِبًا: وَمَعْنَاهُ: نِسْبَةُ الْفِعْلِ إِلَى الْفَاعِلِ؛ لِلدَّلَالَةِ عَلَى إِرَادَةِ تَحْصِيلِ الْحَدَثِ مِنَ الْمَفْعُولِ، وَهَذَا هُوَ الْغَالِبُ عَلَى هَذَا الْبَابِ، ثُمَّ قَدْ يَكُونُ الطَّلَبُ حَقِيقَةً، نَحْوُ: أَسْتَغْفِرُ اللَّهَ تَعَالَى، أَيْ أَطْلُبُ مِنْهُ الْمَغْفِرَةَ، وَقَدْ يَكُونُ مَجَازًا، نَحْوُ: اِسْتَخْرَجْتُ الذَّهَبَ مِنَ الْأَرْضِ.

2. For deservingness, or suitability: this is when a thing is suitable for what the source denotes and deserves it, as in اِسْتَرْقَعَ الثَّوْبُ, meaning that the garment deserved to be patched.

٢- لِلِاسْتِحْقَاقِ (اللِّيَاقَةِ): وَهِيَ كَوْنُ الشَّيْءِ لَائِقًا بِالْمَأْخَذِ وَمُسْتَحِقًّا لَهُ، نَحْوُ: اِسْتَرْقَعَ الثَّوْبُ، أَيْ اِسْتَحَقَّ الثَّوْبُ أَنْ يُرَقَّعَ.

3. Reaching the time: this is when a thing reaches the time of what the source denotes, as in اِسْتَحْصَدَ الزَّرْعُ, meaning that the crop reached the time of its harvest.

٣- وَالْحَيْنُونَةُ: وَهِيَ بُلُوغُ الشَّيْءِ وَقْتَ الْمَأْخَذِ، مِثْلُ: اِسْتَحْصَدَ الزَّرْعُ، أَيْ بَلَغَ وَقْتَ حَصَادِهِ.

4. Finding the object upon a quality: this means that the subject has found the object to possess the meaning from which the verb was formed, as in اِسْتَعْظَمَ الْأَمْرَ وَاسْتَحْسَنَهُ, meaning that he found the matter great and good.

٤- لِوِجْدَانِ الْمَفْعُولِ عَلَى صِفَةٍ: أَيْ يُقْصَدُ بِهَا أَنَّ الْفَاعِلَ قَدْ وَجَدَ الْمَفْعُولَ عَلَى مَعْنَى مَا بُنِيَ مِنْهُ الْفِعْلُ، نَحْوُ: اِسْتَعْظَمَ الْأَمْرَ وَاسْتَحْسَنَهُ، أَيْ وَجَدَهُ عَظِيمًا وَحَسَنًا.

5. For reckoning: as in اِسْتَحْسَنْتُهُ, meaning that I reckoned it to be good.

٥- لِلْحُسْبَانِ: مِثْلُ: اِسْتَحْسَنْتُهُ، أَيْ حَسِبْتُهُ حَسَنًا.

Observation: the difference between finding and reckoning is that finding contains complete certainty concerning the thing, whereas reckoning contains supposition only.

الْمُلَاحَظَةُ: الْفَرْقُ بَيْنَ الْوِجْدَانِ وَالْحُسْبَانِ أَنَّ فِي الْوِجْدَانِ يَقِينًا كَامِلًا عَلَى الشَّيْءِ، وَفِي الْحُسْبَانِ يَكُونُ ظَنًّا فَقَطْ.

6. For transformation: this indicates that the subject has moved from its state to the state indicated by the verb. The transformation may be literal, as in اِسْتَحْجَرَ الطِّينُ, meaning that the clay turned into stone; or figurative, as in اِسْتَنْوَقَ الْجَمَلُ, meaning that the camel became like a she-camel because of weakness.

٦- لِلتَّحَوُّلِ: وَمَعْنَاهُ: الدَّلَالَةُ عَلَى أَنَّ الْفَاعِلَ قَدِ انْتَقَلَ مِنْ حَالَتِهِ إِلَى الْحَالَةِ الَّتِي يَدُلُّ عَلَيْهَا الْفِعْلُ، ثُمَّ قَدْ يَكُونُ التَّحَوُّلُ حَقِيقَةً، نَحْوُ: اِسْتَحْجَرَ الطِّينُ، أَيْ تَحَوَّلَ حَجَرًا، وَإِمَّا مَجَازًا، مِثْلُ: اِسْتَنْوَقَ الْجَمَلُ، أَيْ صَارَ كَالنَّاقَةِ لِأَجْلِ الضَّعْفِ.

7. For affectation: that is, the form is used when someone affects a thing even though he does not deserve it, as in اِسْتَجْرَأَ الضَّعِيفُ, meaning that the weak person affected boldness.

٧- لِلتَّكَلُّفِ: أَيْ: إِنَّهَا تَأْتِي لِتَكَلُّفِ الشَّيْءِ تَكَلُّفًا وَهُوَ لَا يَسْتَحِقُّهُ، نَحْوُ: اِسْتَجْرَأَ الضَّعِيفُ، أَيْ تَكَلَّفَ الْجُرْأَةَ.

8. As the resultative counterpart of أَفْعَلَ, as in أَرَاحَهُ فَاسْتَرَاحَ and أَقَامَهُ فَاسْتَقَامَ.

٨- لِمُطَاوَعَةِ أَفْعَلَ، نَحْوُ: أَرَاحَهُ فَاسْتَرَاحَ، وَأَقَامَهُ فَاسْتَقَامَ.

9. For correspondence:

٩- لِلْمُوَافَقَةِ:

Correspondence with فَعَلَ: as in اِسْتَقَرَّ, meaning قَرَّ.

أ- لِمُوَافَقَةِ فَعَلَ، مِثْلُ: اِسْتَقَرَّ، أَيْ قَرَّ.

Correspondence with أَفْعَلَ: as in اِسْتَجَابَ, meaning أَجَابَ.

ب- لِمُوَافَقَةِ أَفْعَلَ: مِثْلُ: اِسْتَجَابَ، أَيْ أَجَابَ.

Correspondence with تَفَعَّلَ: as in the saying of Allah Most High, ﴿أَسْتَكْبَرْتَ أَمْ كُنْتَ مِنَ الْعَالِينَ﴾, meaning تَكَبَّرْتَ, ‘Were you arrogant, or were you among the exalted?’ (38:75).

ج- لِمُوَافَقَةِ تَفَعَّلَ: مِثْلُ قَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: ﴿أَسْتَكْبَرْتَ أَمْ كُنْتَ مِنَ الْعَالِينَ﴾ (ص: ٧٥)، أَيْ تَكَبَّرْتَ.

Correspondence with اِفْتَعَلَ: as in اِسْتَعْصَمَ, meaning اِعْتَصَمَ.

د- لِمُوَافَقَةِ اِفْتَعَلَ: مِثْلُ: اِسْتَعْصَمَ، أَيْ اِعْتَصَمَ.

10. For initial usage: as in اِسْتَعَانَ عَمْرٌو, meaning that ʿAmr shaved the pubic hair. In the unaugmented form, عَانَتِ الْمَرْأَةُ means that the woman became middle-aged and intermediate in age. Another example is اِسْتَأْجَرَ, which has no unaugmented counterpart.

١٠- لِلِابْتِدَاءِ: مِثْلُ: اِسْتَعَانَ عَمْرٌو، أَيْ حَلَقَ شَعْرَ الْعَانَةِ، وَفِي الْمُجَرَّدِ: عَانَتِ الْمَرْأَةُ، أَيْ صَارَتْ عَوَانًا وَمُتَوَسِّطَةً فِي الْعُمُرِ، وَاسْتَأْجَرَ، لَا مُجَرَّدَ لَهُ.

11. For contraction: as in اِسْتَرْجَعَ بَكْرٌ, meaning that he said, ﴿إِنَّا لِلَّهِ وَإِنَّا إِلَيْهِ رَاجِعُونَ﴾, ‘Indeed, we belong to Allah, and indeed to Him we shall return’ (2:156).

١١- لِلْقَصْرِ: مِثْلُ: اِسْتَرْجَعَ بَكْرٌ، أَيْ قَالَ: ﴿إِنَّا لِلَّهِ وَإِنَّا إِلَيْهِ رَاجِعُونَ﴾ (الْبَقَرَةِ: ١٥٦).

12. For adoption: as in اِسْتَوْطَنْتُ الْحِجَازَ, meaning that I took it as a homeland.

١٢- لِلِاتِّخَاذِ: نَحْوُ: اِسْتَوْطَنْتُ الْحِجَازَ، أَيْ اِتَّخَذْتُهَا وَطَنًا.