Lesson Twenty-Three

Lesson Twenty-Three

الدَّرْسُ الثَّالِثُ وَالْعِشْرُونَ

6. The Rule of خَطَايَا and رَحَايَا

٦- قَاعِدَةُ خَطَايَا وَرَحَايَا

Every hamzah that occurs after the alif of «الْمَفَاعِل», one of the ultimate plural patterns, and before ي must obligatorily be changed into a ي bearing fatḥah. The ي following it then becomes an alif according to the rule of «قَالَ وَبَاعَ». For example: خَطَايَا from خَطَايِئُ, the plural of خَطِيئَةٍ.

كُلُّ هَمْزَةٍ إِذَا وَقَعَتْ بَعْدَ أَلِفِ «الْمَفَاعِلِ» - مُنْتَهَى الْجُمُوعِ - وَقَبْلَ الْيَاءِ، أُبْدِلَتْ بِيَاءٍ مَفْتُوحَةٍ وُجُوبًا، وَالْيَاءُ الَّتِي بَعْدَهَا تَصِيرُ «أَلِفًا» طِبْقًا لِقَاعِدَةِ: «قَالَ وَبَاعَ»، مِثْلُ: خَطَايَا مِنْ خَطَايِئُ، جَمْعُ خَطِيئَةٍ.

Morphological analysis: The original form of خَطَايَا is خَطَايِئُ. The ي changed into a hamzah because it occurred after the alif and before the final position, producing خَطَائِئُ, like عَجَائِزُ. The second hamzah then became a ي according to the rule of جَاءَ (Rule 4), producing خَطَائِي. Now, according to the present rule, the hamzah became a ي bearing fatḥah, and the final ي became an alif according to the rule of «قَالَ وَبَاعَ», producing خَطَايَا.

الْإِعْلَالُ: «خَطَايَا» أَصْلُهَا خَطَايِئُ، انْقَلَبَتِ الْيَاءُ هَمْزَةً؛ لِأَجْلِ وُقُوعِهَا بَعْدَ الْأَلِفِ وَقَبْلَ الطَّرَفِ، فَصَارَ خَطَائِئُ مِثْلَ عَجَائِزَ، ثُمَّ صَارَتِ الْهَمْزَةُ الثَّانِيَةُ يَاءً حَسَبَ قَاعِدَةِ جَاءَ (ق: ٤)، فَصَارَ خَطَائِي، وَالْآنَ حَسَبَ هَذِهِ الْقَاعِدَةِ صَارَتِ الْهَمْزَةُ يَاءً مَفْتُوحَةً، وَالْيَاءُ الْأَخِيرَةُ صَارَتْ أَلِفًا حَسَبَ قَاعِدَةِ «قَالَ وَبَاعَ» فَصَارَ خَطَايَا.

7. The Rule of يَسَلُ

٧- قَاعِدَةُ يَسَلُ

When a moving hamzah occurs after a consonant bearing sukūn, other than an added long-vowel letter and other than the diminutive ي, it is permissible to transfer its vowel to the preceding letter and delete the hamzah. For example: يَسَلُ from يَسْأَلُ, قَدَ فْلَحَ from قَدْ أَفْلَحَ, and يَرْمِيَخَاهُ from يَرْمِي أَخَاهُ.

إِذَا وَقَعَتِ الْهَمْزَةُ الْمُتَحَرِّكَةُ بَعْدَ الْحَرْفِ السَّاكِنِ غَيْرِ الْمَدَّةِ الزَّائِدَةِ وَغَيْرِ يَاءِ التَّصْغِيرِ، تُنْقَلُ حَرَكَتُهَا إِلَى مَا قَبْلَهَا، وَتُحْذَفُ جَوَازًا، مِثْلُ: يَسَلُ مِنْ يَسْأَلُ، وَقَدَ فْلَحَ مِنْ قَدْ أَفْلَحَ، وَيَرْمِيَخَاهُ مِنْ يَرْمِي أَخَاهُ.

Note: This rule applies obligatorily to all forms of the verbs of seeing, for example يَرَى and يُرَى. In derived nouns, however, it applies optionally. Thus, one may say: مَرْأًى and مَرًى, مِرْآةٌ and مِرَاةٌ, and مَرْئِيٌّ and مَرِيٌّ.

الْمَلْحُوظَةُ: تَجْرِي هَذِهِ الْقَاعِدَةُ فِي جَمِيعِ أَفْعَالِ الرُّؤْيَةِ وُجُوبًا، مِثْلُ: يَرَى وَيُرَى، وَأَمَّا فِي الْأَسْمَاءِ الْمُشْتَقَّةِ فَتَجْرِي فِيهَا جَوَازًا، مِثْلَ أَنْ تَقُولَ: مَرْأًى وَمَرًى، مِرْآةٌ وَمِرَاةٌ، مَرْئِيٌّ وَمَرِيٌّ.

8. The Rule of Near Between-Between and Far Between-Between

٨- قَاعِدَةُ بَيْنَ بَيْنَ قَرِيبٍ، وَبَيْنَ بَيْنَ بَعِيدٍ

If a moving hamzah occurs after a moving letter other than hamzah, two treatments are permissible:

إِنْ كَانَتِ الْهَمْزَةُ الْمُتَحَرِّكَةُ بَعْدَ مُتَحَرِّكٍ غَيْرِ الْهَمْزَةِ، فَهُنَاكَ يَجُوزُ الْوَجْهَانِ:

1. Near between-between.

أ- بَيْنَ بَيْنَ قَرِيبٍ.

2. Far between-between.

ب- بَيْنَ بَيْنَ بَعِيدٍ.

Near between-between means that the hamzah is pronounced at a point between its own place of articulation and the place of articulation of the weak letter corresponding to its vowel.

بَيْنَ بَيْنَ قَرِيبٍ: هُوَ أَنْ تُؤَدَّى فِيهِ الْهَمْزَةُ بَيْنَ مَخْرَجِهَا وَبَيْنَ مَخْرَجِ حَرْفِ الْعِلَّةِ الْمُوَافِقِ لِحَرَكَتِهَا.

Far between-between means that the hamzah is pronounced at a point between its own place of articulation and the place of articulation of the weak letter corresponding to the vowel of the preceding letter.

بَيْنَ بَيْنَ بَعِيدٍ: هُوَ أَنْ تُؤَدَّى فِيهِ الْهَمْزَةُ بَيْنَ مَخْرَجِهَا وَبَيْنَ مَخْرَجِ حَرْفِ الْعِلَّةِ الْمُوَافِقِ لِحَرَكَةِ مَا قَبْلَهَا.

Both near and far between-between are also called facilitation. Examples include سَأَلَ, سَئِمَ, and لَؤُمَ. In سَأَلَ, both are possible because the hamzah and the preceding letter both bear fatḥah. In سَئِمَ, the near form lies between hamzah and ي, while the far form lies between hamzah and alif. In لَؤُمَ, the near form lies between hamzah and و, while the far form lies between hamzah and alif.

وَيُقَالُ لِـ «بَيْنَ بَيْنَ قَرِيبٍ وَبَعِيدٍ»: التَّسْهِيلُ أَيْضًا، مِثْلُ: سَأَلَ، سَئِمَ، لَؤُمَ، فَفِي «سَأَلَ» كِلَاهُمَا مُمْكِنٌ؛ لِأَنَّ الْهَمْزَةَ وَمَا قَبْلَهَا كِلَاهُمَا مَفْتُوحَانِ، وَفِي «سَئِمَ» بَيْنَ بَيْنَ قَرِيبٍ يَكُونُ بَيْنَ الْهَمْزَةِ وَالْيَاءِ، وَالْبَعِيدُ بَيْنَ الْهَمْزَةِ وَالْأَلِفِ، وَفِي «لَؤُمَ» الْقَرِيبُ يَكُونُ بَيْنَ الْهَمْزَةِ وَالْوَاوِ، وَالْبَعِيدُ يَكُونُ بَيْنَ الْهَمْزَةِ وَالْأَلِفِ.

9. The Rule of أَأَنْتُمْ

٩- قَاعِدَةُ أَأَنْتُمْ

When the interrogative hamzah occurs before another hamzah, three treatments are permissible:

إِذَا وَقَعَتْ هَمْزَةُ الِاسْتِفْهَامِ عَلَى هَمْزَةٍ أُخْرَى فَيَجُوزُ هُنَاكَ ثَلَاثَةُ أَوْجُهٍ:

1. The rule of أَوَادِمَ, as in أَوَنْتُمْ in place of أَأَنْتُمْ.

أ- قَاعِدَةُ «أَوَادِمَ» مِثْلُ: أَوَنْتُمْ فِي أَأَنْتُمْ.

2. Facilitation, whether near between-between or far between-between, as in أَأَنْتُمْ.

ب- التَّسْهِيلُ - بَيْنَ بَيْنَ الْقَرِيبِ وَالْبَعِيدِ - مِثْلُ: أَأَنْتُمْ.

3. Inserting an intermediate alif between the two hamzahs, as in أَاأَنْتُمْ.

ج- الْإِتْيَانُ بِالْأَلِفِ الْمُتَوَسِّطَةِ بَيْنَ هَمْزَتَيْنِ، مِثْلُ: أَاأَنْتُمْ.