Lesson Twenty-Three

Lesson Twenty-Three

الدَّرْسُ الثَّالِثُ وَالْعِشْرُونَ

Continuation of the Rules of the Hamzah

تَتِمَّةُ قَوَاعِدِ الْمَهْمُوزِ

6. The rule of خَطَايَا

٦- قَاعِدَةُ خَطَايَا

When a hamzah occurs after the alif of the mafāʿil-type final plural and before ya, it must be changed into an open ya. The ya following it then changes into alif according to the rule of qāla and bāʿa.

إِذَا وَقَعَتِ الْهَمْزَةُ بَعْدَ أَلِفِ «مَفَاعِلَ» مِنْ صِيَغِ مُنْتَهَى الْجُمُوعِ وَقَبْلَ يَاءٍ، أُبْدِلَتْ يَاءً مَفْتُوحَةً وُجُوبًا، ثُمَّ تَنْقَلِبُ الْيَاءُ الَّتِي بَعْدَهَا أَلِفًا بِقَاعِدَةِ «قَالَ وَبَاعَ».

خَطَائِيُ –> خَطَايِيُ –> خَطَايَا.

7. The rule of يَسْأَلُ

٧- قَاعِدَةُ يَسْأَلُ

When a moving hamzah follows a sakin letter other than an added long vowel or the diminutive ya, its vowel may be transferred to the preceding letter and the hamzah deleted. In verbs of seeing, this treatment is consistently applied because of frequent usage.

إِذَا وَقَعَتِ الْهَمْزَةُ الْمُتَحَرِّكَةُ بَعْدَ حَرْفٍ سَاكِنٍ غَيْرِ حَرْفِ مَدٍّ زَائِدٍ وَغَيْرِ يَاءِ التَّصْغِيرِ، جَازَ نَقْلُ حَرَكَتِهَا إِلَى مَا قَبْلَهَا وَحَذْفُهَا. وَهَذَا الْحُكْمُ مُلْتَزَمٌ فِي أَفْعَالِ الرُّؤْيَةِ لِكَثْرَةِ الِاسْتِعْمَالِ.

يَسْأَلُ –> يَسَلُ، قَدْ أَفْلَحَ –> قَدَ فْلَحَ، مَرْأَى –> مَرَى، مِرْآةٌ –> مِرَاةٌ.

8. Near and far “between-between” pronunciation

٨- قَاعِدَةُ بَيْنَ بَيْنَ قَرِيبٍ وَبَيْنَ بَيْنَ بَعِيدٍ

If a moving hamzah follows another moving non-hamzah letter, it may be eased between the articulation of hamzah and that of a weak letter. In the near form, the vowel of the hamzah is considered; in the far form, the vowel of the preceding letter is considered.

إِذَا وَقَعَتِ الْهَمْزَةُ الْمُتَحَرِّكَةُ بَعْدَ حَرْفٍ مُتَحَرِّكٍ غَيْرِ الْهَمْزَةِ جَازَ تَسْهِيلُهَا بَيْنَ مَخْرَجِ الْهَمْزَةِ وَمَخْرَجِ حَرْفِ الْعِلَّةِ. فَالْقَرِيبُ يَرَاعِي حَرَكَةَ الْهَمْزَةِ، وَالْبَعِيدُ يَرَاعِي حَرَكَةَ مَا قَبْلَهَا.

9. The rule of أَأَنْتُمْ

٩- قَاعِدَةُ أَأَنْتُمْ

When the interrogative hamzah precedes another hamzah, three treatments are permissible: substitution according to the rule of awādim, easing the hamzah between-between, or inserting an alif between the two hamzahs.

إِذَا دَخَلَتْ هَمْزَةُ الِاسْتِفْهَامِ عَلَى هَمْزَةٍ أُخْرَى جَازَتْ ثَلَاثَةُ أَوْجُهٍ: الْإِبْدَالُ عَلَى قَاعِدَةِ «أَوَادِمَ»، وَالتَّسْهِيلُ بَيْنَ بَيْنَ، وَإِدْخَالُ أَلِفٍ بَيْنَ الْهَمْزَتَيْنِ.

أَأَنْتُمْ –> أَوَنْتُمْ / أَااأَنْتُمْ بِالتَّسْهِيلِ / آنْتُمْ.