Lesson Twenty-Eight

الدَّرْسُ الثَّامِنُ وَالْعِشْرُونَ

12. The Rule of نَهُوَ

١٢- قَاعِدَةُ نَهُوَ

When yā occurs at the end, as the final radical of the word, after ḍammah, it becomes wāw, as in نَهُوَ. Its original form was نَهِيَ, the third-person masculine singular form of the باب كَرُمَ.

وَإِذَا وَقَعَتِ “الْيَاءُ” فِي الطَّرَفِ - فِي لَامِ الْكَلِمَةِ - بَعْدَ الضَّمَّةِ تَصِيرُ وَاوًا، مِثْلُ: “نَهُوَ”، كَانَتْ فِي الْأَصْلِ “نَهِيَ” صِيغَةُ الْوَاحِدِ الْمُذَكَّرِ الْغَائِبِ مِنْ بَابِ “كَرُمَ”.

13. The Rule of قِيَام and حِيَاض

١٣- قَاعِدَةُ قِيَامٍ وَحِيَاضٍ

If wāw occurs as the middle radical of a verbal noun after kasrah, it is changed to yā, provided that the weak-letter change also occurs in its verb. Examples are قِيَامًا, the verbal noun of قَامَ, and صِيَامًا, the verbal noun of صَامَ, but not قِوَامًا, the verbal noun of قَاوَمَ from the mufāʿalah form. Likewise, wāw becomes yā when it occurs as the middle radical of a plural, whether it was quiescent in the singular or had undergone weak-letter change, as in حِيَاضٌ from حَوَاضٍ, the plural of حَوْضٍ, and جِيَادٌ from جَوَادٍ, the plural of جَيِّدٍ, from جَيُودٍ.

إِذَا كَانَتِ “الْوَاوُ” فِي عَيْنِ الْمَصْدَرِ بَعْدَ كَسْرَةٍ تُقْلَبُ يَاءً بِشَرْطِ جَرَيَانِ التَّعْلِيلِ فِي فِعْلِهِ أَيْضًا، مِثْلُ: “قِيَامًا” مَصْدَرُ قَامَ، وَ“صِيَامًا” مَصْدَرُ صَامَ، لَا “قِوَامًا” مَصْدَرُ قَاوَمَ مِنَ الْمُفَاعَلَةِ، وَهَكَذَا تَصِيرُ الْوَاوُ يَاءً إِذَا كَانَتْ فِي عَيْنِ الْجَمْعِ - سَاكِنَةً كَانَتْ فِي الْوَاحِدِ أَوْ مُعَلَّلَةً - مِثْلُ: “حِيَاضٌ” مِنْ حَوَاضٍ جَمْعِ حَوْضٍ، وَ“جِيَادٌ” مِنْ جَوَادٍ جَمْعِ جَيِّدٍ (مِنْ جَيُودٍ).

14. The Rule of سَيِّد and مَرْمِيّ

١٤- قَاعِدَةُ سَيِّدٍ وَمَرْمِيٍّ

If the non-substituted wāw and yā come together in one word that is not an assimilated form, and the first of the two is quiescent, the wāw becomes yā. It is then obligatorily assimilated into the yā, and the ḍammah preceding them becomes kasrah, as in سَيِّدٌ, مَرْمِيٌّ, and مَضِيٌّ, from سَيْوِدٌ, مَرْمُويٌّ, and مَضْوُويٌّ. The last is the verbal noun of مَضَى يَمْضِي. It is also permissible to give the first radical kasrah, following the middle radical, in accordance with the rule of دِلِيٍّ (Rule 15), as in مِضِيٍّ.

إِذَا اجْتَمَعَتِ “الْوَاوُ وَالْيَاءُ” غَيْرَ الْمُبْدَلَتَيْنِ فِي كَلِمَةٍ وَاحِدَةٍ غَيْرِ مُلْحَقَةٍ، وَالْأُولَى مِنْهُمَا سَاكِنَةٌ تَصِيرُ “الْوَاوُ” يَاءً، ثُمَّ تُدْغَمُ فِي الْيَاءِ وُجُوبًا، وَضَمَّةُ مَا قَبْلَهُمَا تَصِيرُ كَسْرَةً، مِثْلُ: “سَيِّدٌ وَمَرْمِيٌّ وَمَضِيٌّ” مِنْ سَيْوِدٍ وَمَرْمُويٍّ وَمَضْوُويٍّ مَصْدَرِ مَضَى يَمْضِي، وَيَجُوزُ فِيهِ تَكْسِيرُ “الْفَاءِ” أَيْضًا؛ اتِّبَاعًا لِلْعَيْنِ، طِبْقًا لِقَاعِدَةِ “دِلِيٍّ” (ق: ١٥)، مِثْلُ: مِضِيٍّ.

Observation: This rule does not apply to اِئْوِ, the second-person imperative of أَوَى يَأْوِي, because the yā is substituted for hamzah; nor to رَأْيِي وَزِيرِي because they do not form a single word; nor to ضَيْوَنٌ because it is an assimilated form.

الْمَلْحُوظَةُ: لَا يَجْرِي هَذَا الْقَانُونُ فِي “اِئْوِ” صِيغَةِ الْأَمْرِ الْمُخَاطَبِ مِنْ أَوَى يَأْوِي؛ لِكَوْنِ الْيَاءِ مُبْدَلَةً مِنَ الْهَمْزَةِ، وَلَا فِي “رَأْيِي وَزِيرِي”؛ لِعَدَمِ تَوَحُّدِ الْكَلِمَةِ، وَلَا فِي “ضَيْوَنٍ”؛ لِكَوْنِهِ مُلْحَقًا.

15. The Rule of دِلِيّ

١٥- قَاعِدَةُ دِلِيٍّ

When two wāws meet at the end of فُعُول, both are changed to yā, after which assimilation occurs between them. The ḍammah before them becomes kasrah, and the first radical may also take kasrah optionally, as in دِلِيٌّ from دُلُوٌّ, the plural of دَلْوٌ.

إِذَا اجْتَمَعَتِ الْوَاوَانِ فِي آخِرِ “فُعُولٍ” فَكِلْتَاهُمَا تُقْلَبَانِ بِالْيَاءِ، ثُمَّ يَجْرِي الْإِدْغَامُ فِيهِمَا، وَضَمَّةُ مَا قَبْلَهُمَا تَصِيرُ كَسْرَةً، وَ“الْفَاءُ” أَيْضًا تَكُونُ مَكْسُورَةً جَوَازًا، مِثْلُ: دِلِيٌّ مِنْ دُلُوٍّ جَمْعِ دَلْوٍ.

16. The Rule of أَدْل and أَظْب

١٦- قَاعِدَةُ أَدْلٍ وَأَظْبٍ

If wāw occurs after ḍammah as the final radical of a noun, the ḍammah is changed to kasrah, then the wāw is changed to yā. It is then made quiescent and dropped because two quiescent elements, tanwīn and yā, meet, as in أَدْلٍ from أَدْلُو, the plural of دَلْوٍ; تَعَلٍّ from تَعَلُّوٍ; and تَعَالٍ from تَعَالُوٍ.

إِذَا وَقَعَتِ الْوَاوُ بَعْدَ الضَّمَّةِ فِي لَامِ الِاسْمِ فَتُبَدَّلُ الضَّمَّةُ بِالْكَسْرَةِ ثُمَّ تُقْلَبُ الْوَاوُ يَاءً، ثُمَّ تَسْكُنُ فَتَسْقُطُ؛ لِاجْتِمَاعِ السَّاكِنَيْنِ - التَّنْوِينِ وَالْيَاءِ - مِثْلُ: “أَدْلٍ” مِنْ أَدْلُو جَمْعِ دَلْوٍ، وَ“تَعَلٍّ” مِنْ تَعَلُّوٍ، وَ“تَعَالٍ” مِنْ تَعَالُوٍ.

The same applies to yā when it occurs after ḍammah as the final radical of a noun. The ḍammah is changed to kasrah, then the yā is made quiescent and dropped because two quiescent elements meet, as in أَظْبٍ from أَظْبُي, the plural of ظَبْيٍ.

وَكَذَا “الْيَاءُ” إِذَا وَقَعَتْ بَعْدَ الضَّمَّةِ فِي لَامِ الِاسْمِ - أَيْ تُبَدَّلُ الضَّمَّةُ بِالْكَسْرَةِ - ثُمَّ تَسْكُنُ فَتَسْقُطُ؛ لِالْتِقَاءِ السَّاكِنَيْنِ، مِثْلُ: “أَظْبٍ” مِنْ أَظْبُي جَمْعِ ظَبْيٍ.

17. The Rule of قَائِل and بَائِع

١٧- قَاعِدَةُ قَائِلٍ وَبَائِعٍ

Every wāw or yā that occurs as the middle radical of the active participle is obligatorily changed to hamzah, provided that the weak-letter change occurs in their verbs, as in قَائِلٌ and بَائِعٌ, from قَاوِلٌ and بَايِعٌ.

كُلُّ وَاوٍ أَوْ يَاءٍ إِذَا وَقَعَتْ فِي عَيْنِ الْفَاعِلِ أُبْدِلَتَا بِالْهَمْزَةِ وُجُوبًا بِشَرْطِ التَّعْلِيلِ فِي فِعْلَيْهِمَا، مِثْلُ: “قَائِلٌ وَبَائِعٌ” مِنْ قَاوِلٍ وَبَايِعٍ.

18. The Rule of شَرَائِف

١٨- قَاعِدَةُ شَرَائِفَ

Every added weak letter that occurs after the alif of the mafāʿil pattern is obligatorily changed to hamzah, as in عَجَائِزُ from عَجَاوِزُ, شَرَائِفُ from شَرَايِفُ, and رَسَائِلُ from رَسَايِلُ, the plural of رِسَالَةٌ. As for changing an original yā to hamzah in مَصَائِبُ from مَصَايِبُ, the plural of مُصِيبَةٌ, it is irregular.

كُلُّ حَرْفٍ مِنْ حُرُوفِ الْعِلَّةِ الزَّائِدَةِ إِذَا وَقَعَتْ بَعْدَ أَلِفِ الْمَفَاعِلِ تُبَدَّلُ بِالْهَمْزَةِ وُجُوبًا، مِثْلُ: عَجَائِزُ مِنْ “عَجَاوِزَ”، وَشَرَائِفُ مِنْ “شَرَايِفَ”، وَرَسَائِلُ مِنْ “رَسَايِلَ” جَمْعِ رِسَالَةٍ، أَمَّا إِبْدَالُ الْيَاءِ الْأَصْلِيَّةِ بِالْهَمْزَةِ فِي مَصَائِبَ مِنْ “مَصَايِبَ” جَمْعِ مُصِيبَةٍ، فَشَاذٌّ.

19. The Rule of دُعَاء

١٩- قَاعِدَةُ دُعَاءٍ

Final wāw and yā occurring after an added alif become hamzah, as in دُعَاءٌ from دُعَاوٍ and رُوَاءٌ from رُوَايٍ, both of which are verbal nouns; دُعَاءٌ from دُعَاوٍ, the plural of دَاعٍ, which is a derived noun; أَسْمَاءٌ from أَسْمَاوٍ, the plural of اِسْمٌ, whose original form is سُمُوٌّ; أَحْيَاءٌ from أَحْيَايٍ, the plural of حَيٌّ; كِسَاءٌ from كِسَاوٍ; and رِدَاءٌ from رِدَايٍ. The final two are underived nouns.

الْوَاوُ وَالْيَاءُ الْمُتَطَرِّفَتَانِ بَعْدَ أَلِفٍ زَائِدَةٍ تَصِيرَانِ هَمْزَةً، مِثْلُ: “دُعَاءٌ” مِنْ دُعَاوٍ، وَ“رُوَاءٌ” مِنْ رُوَايٍ، وَكِلَاهُمَا مَصْدَرَانِ، وَ“دُعَاءٌ” مِنْ دُعَاوٍ جَمْعُ دَاعٍ اسْمٍ مُشْتَقٍّ، وَ“أَسْمَاءٌ” مِنْ أَسْمَاوٍ جَمْعُ اسْمٍ أَصْلُهُ سُمُوٌّ، وَ“أَحْيَاءٌ” مِنْ أَحْيَايٍ جَمْعُ حَيٍّ، وَ“كِسَاءٌ” مِنْ كِسَاوٍ، وَ“رِدَاءٌ” مِنْ رِدَايٍ، وَالْأَخِيرَانِ اسْمَانِ جَامِدَانِ.