Lesson Twenty-One

Lesson Twenty-One

الدَّرْسُ الْحَادِي وَالْعِشْرُونَ

Various Benefits

فَوَائِدُ شَتَّى

1. Some people counted التَّفَعُّل and التَّفَاعُل among the forms annexed to تَسَرْبَلَ, but this is an error. The first condition is found in both, namely that the verbal noun be on a quadriliteral pattern. The second condition is not found, namely correspondence between the characteristics of the annexed form and the form to which it is annexed.

١- عَدَّ بَعْضُ النَّاسِ “التَّفَعُّلَ وَالتَّفَاعُلَ” مِنْ مُلْحَقَاتِ “تَسَرْبَلَ”، لَكِنَّ هَذَا خَطَأٌ؛ لِأَنَّ الشَّرْطَ الْأَوَّلَ يُوجَدُ فِيهِمَا، وَهُوَ كَوْنُ الْمَصْدَرِ عَلَى وَزْنِ الرُّبَاعِيِّ، وَالثَّانِيَ لَا يُوجَدُ، وَهُوَ وُجُودُ تَوَافُقٍ بَيْنَ خَاصِّيَّاتِ الْمُلْحَقِ وَالْمُلْحَقِ بِهِ.

2. The morphologists differed concerning the pattern تَمَفْعَلَ as to whether it is among the annexed forms. Some of them said: no letter of annexation is added before the first radical except tāʾ, for it must be added there to convey the meaning of reflexive response. It was therefore understood that mīm is not added before the first radical for annexation. Here, however, a mīm was added before the first radical. Hence, the author of al-Munshaʿib said: this pattern is anomalous, rather it belongs to the category of error. They regarded its mīm as original and added a tāʾ to it, producing تَمَفْعَلَ.

٢- تَرَدَّدَ الصَّرْفِيُّونَ فِي بَابِ “تَمَفْعَلَ” بِأَنَّهُ مِنَ الْمُلْحَقَاتِ أَمْ لَا؟ فَبَعْضُهُمْ قَالُوا: لَا يُزَادُ حَرْفُ الْإِلْحَاقِ قَبْلَ الْفَاءِ إِلَّا التَّاءُ؛ فَإِنَّهَا تُزَادُ قَبْلَهَا أَدَاءً لِمَعْنَى الْمُطَاوَعَةِ ضَرُورَةً، فَعُلِمَ أَنَّ “الْمِيمَ” لَا تُزَادُ لِلْإِلْحَاقِ قَبْلَ الْفَاءِ، وَهُنَا زِيدَتْ “مِيمٌ” قَبْلَ الْفَاءِ، وَمِنْ ثَمَّ قَالَ صَاحِبُ الْمُنْشَعِبِ: إِنَّ هَذَا الْبَابَ شَاذٌّ، بَلْ مِنْ قَبِيلِ الْغَلَطِ، حَسِبُوا مِيمَهُ أَصْلِيَّةً، فَزَادُوا عَلَيْهِ تَاءً، فَصَارَ “تَمَفْعَلَ”.

Shaykh ʿAbd al-ʿAlī did not mention this pattern under the discussion of annexed forms in his book Hidāyat al-Ṣarf, as though he rejected this pattern. As for the expression تَمَسْكَنَ, he included it among the augmented quadriliteral forms under the pattern of التَّسَرْبُل.

وَالشَّيْخُ عَبْدُ الْعَلِيِّ لَمْ يَذْكُرْ هَذَا الْبَابَ تَحْتَ بَيَانِ الْمُلْحَقَاتِ فِي كِتَابِهِ “هِدَايَةِ الصَّرْفِ”، وَكَأَنَّهُ أَنْكَرَ عَنْ هَذَا الْبَابِ، أَمَّا لَفْظُ “تَمَسْكَنَ” فَأَدْرَجَهُ فِي الرُّبَاعِيِّ الْمَزِيدِ فِيهِ تَحْتَ بَابِ التَّسَرْبُلِ.

The verified position according to the author, may Allah have mercy on him, is that it is an annexed form. As for restricting annexation by stipulating that no letter may be added before the first radical except tāʾ, as previously mentioned, this is baseless.

وَالتَّحْقِيقُ عِنْدَ الْمُصَنِّفِ رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ: أَنَّهُ مُلْحَقٌ، وَأَمَّا تَقْيِيدُ الْإِلْحَاقِ بِعَدَمِ الزِّيَادَةِ قَبْلَ الْفَاءِ إِلَّا التَّاءَ - كَمَا مَرَّ - فَإِنَّهُ لَغْوٌ؛

This is because the author of al-Fuṣūl al-Akbariyyah counted among the annexed forms many patterns containing an addition before the first radical other than tāʾ, such as نَرْجِسٌ, هَلْقَمَ, مَرْحَبَ, and others, although he did not state that they were anomalous.

لِأَنَّ صَاحِبَ “الْفُصُولِ الْأَكْبَرِيَّةِ” عَدَّ مِنَ الْمُلْحَقَاتِ صِيَغًا كَثِيرَةً تُوجَدُ فِيهَا زِيَادَةٌ قَبْلَ الْفَاءِ غَيْرُ التَّاءِ، مِثْلُ: نَرْجِسٍ، وَهَلْقَمَ، وَمَرْحَبَ وَغَيْرِهَا، مَعَ أَنَّهُ لَمْ يُصَرِّحْ بِشُذُوذِهَا.

This was an answer to the proof of the opponents. The author now establishes his position through two proofs:

هَذَا كَانَ جَوَابًا عَنْ دَلِيلِ الْمُخَالِفِينَ، وَالْآنَ يَسْتَدِلُّ الْمُصَنِّفُ عَلَى قَوْلِهِ بِدَلِيلَيْنِ:

First: The conditions of annexation are two:

أَوَّلًا: شَرْطُ الْإِلْحَاقِ اثْنَانِ:

A. Through the augmentation, the augmented word must come onto a quadriliteral pattern.

أ- أَنْ يَصِيرَ الْمَزِيدُ فِيهِ؛ لِأَجْلِ الزِّيَادَةِ عَلَى وَزْنِ الرُّبَاعِيِّ.

B. No new meaning belonging to the characteristics of the patterns, other than the meaning of the form to which it is annexed, may appear in the annexed form.

ب- أَنْ لَا يَظْهَرَ فِي الْمُلْحَقِ مَعْنًى جَدِيدٌ مِنْ قَبِيلِ خَاصِّيَّاتِ الْأَبْوَابِ غَيْرَ الْمَعْنَى الْمُلْحَقِ بِهِ.

Whenever these two conditions are found in تَمَسْكَنَ, there can be no doubt about its annexation. Here both are found:

وَمَهْمَا وُجِدَ هَذَانِ الشَّرْطَانِ فِي “تَمَسْكَنَ” فَلَا شُبْهَةَ فِي إِلْحَاقِهِ، وَهُنَا يُوجَدُ كِلَاهُمَا:

A. التَّمَسْكُن came onto the quadriliteral pattern التَّسَرْبُل through the addition of tāʾ and mīm.

أ- لِأَنَّ “التَّمَسْكُنَ” صَارَ بِزِيَادَةِ التَّاءِ وَالْمِيمِ عَلَى وَزْنِ الرُّبَاعِيِّ (التَّسَرْبُلِ).

B. It contains no new characteristic other than the characteristics of التَّسَرْبُل.

ب- وَأَنَّهُ لَا تُوجَدُ فِيهِ خَاصِّيَّةٌ جَدِيدَةٌ غَيْرُ خَاصِّيَّاتِ التَّسَرْبُلِ.

A consequence follows from the preceding discussion: likewise, the word مِسْكِين is on the pattern مِفْعِيل, not فَعِيل. Thus, السُّكُون is the root material here, because the sīn corresponds to the first radical, the kāf to the middle radical, and the nūn to the final radical, while the mīm and yāʾ are additional.

ثُمَّ يَتَفَرَّعُ عَلَى مَا مَضَى وَيُقَالُ: وَكَذَا كَلِمَةُ “مِسْكِينٍ” هِيَ عَلَى وَزْنِ “مِفْعِيلٍ”، وَلَيْسَتْ عَلَى وَزْنِ “فَعِيلٍ”، فَالسُّكُونُ مَادَّةٌ هُنَا؛ لِأَنَّ السِّينَ بِمُقَابَلَةِ الْفَاءِ، وَالْكَافَ بِمُقَابَلَةِ الْعَيْنِ، وَالنُّونَ بِمُقَابَلَةِ اللَّامِ، وَأَمَّا الْمِيمُ وَالْيَاءُ فَهُمَا مَزِيدَتَانِ.

Second: This principle is well known among the verifying scholars of morphology: a relationship between the augmented word and its root material through one of the three forms of indication, namely complete correspondence, inclusion, and necessary implication, is sufficient for the addition of a letter.

ثَانِيًا: هَذِهِ الْقَاعِدَةُ مَعْرُوفَةٌ عِنْدَ الْمُحَقِّقِينَ مِنْ أَهْلِ الصَّرْفِ: أَنَّ الْمُنَاسَبَةَ بَيْنَ الْمَزِيدِ فِيهِ وَالْمَادَّةِ بِإِحْدَى الدَّلَالَاتِ الثَّلَاثِ - يَعْنِي الْمُطَابَقِيَّةَ، وَالتَّضَمُّنِيَّةَ، وَالِالْتِزَامِيَّةَ - كَافِيَةٌ لِزِيَادَةِ الْحَرْفِ،

This principle also requires the mīm in the two words تَمَسْكَنَ and مِسْكِين to be additional, because التَّمَسْكُن indicates السُّكُون by necessary implication. Shaykh ʿAbd al-ʿAlī therefore erred by counting it under the pattern of التَّسَرْبُل, supposing that the mīm was original.

وَهَذِهِ الْقَاعِدَةُ أَيْضًا تَقْتَضِي زِيَادَةَ الْمِيمِ فِي كَلِمَتَيْ “تَمَسْكَنَ وَمِسْكِينٍ”؛ لِأَنَّ “التَّمَسْكُنَ” يَدُلُّ عَلَى السُّكُونِ الْتِزَامًا، فَأَخْطَأَ الشَّيْخُ عَبْدُ الْعَلِيِّ بِعَدِّهِ مِنْ بَابِ “التَّسَرْبُلِ” ظَانًّا أَنَّ الْمِيمَ أَصْلِيَّةٌ.

3. My teacher, al-Sayyid Muḥammad, may Allah have mercy on him, explained subtle points, meaning precise matters, concerning the vocalization of verbal nouns other than those of the unaugmented triliteral. We mention them for the benefit of the students:

٣- بَيَّنَ أُسْتَاذِي السَّيِّدُ مُحَمَّدٌ رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ نُكَاتٍ - مَسَائِلَ دَقِيقَةً - حَوْلَ ضَبْطِ حَرَكَاتِ الْمَصَادِرِ مِنْ غَيْرِ الثُّلَاثِيِّ الْمُجَرَّدِ، نَذْكُرُهَا إِفَادَةً لِلطَّلَبَةِ:

1. The vowel of the letter following the first sākin in الْمُفَاعَلَة and الْفَعْلَلَة

١- حَرَكَةُ مَا بَعْدَ السَّاكِنِ الْأَوَّلِ فِي الْمُفَاعَلَةِ وَالْفَعْلَلَةِ

Every verbal noun other than that of the unaugmented triliteral which ends in tāʾ and whose first radical carries fatḥah has fatḥah on the letter following the first sākin. Examples are مُفَاعَلَة and فَعْلَلَة. The same applies to its seven annexed forms, such as جَلْبَبَة, سَرْوَلَة, and سَيْطَرَة, and so forth.

كُلُّ مَصْدَرٍ مِنْ غَيْرِ الثُّلَاثِيِّ الْمُجَرَّدِ فِي آخِرِهِ “تَاءٌ”، وَفَاؤُهُ مَفْتُوحَةٌ فَمَا بَعْدَ السَّاكِنِ الْأَوَّلِ يَكُونُ مَفْتُوحًا، مِثْلُ: مُفَاعَلَةٍ، وَفَعْلَلَةٍ، وَكَذَا مُلْحَقَاتُهَا السَّبْعَةُ، مِثْلُ: جَلْبَبَةٍ، وَسَرْوَلَةٍ، وَسَيْطَرَةٍ… إِلَخْ.

2. The vowel of the middle radical in the patterns التَّفَعُّل, التَّفَاعُل, and التَّفَعْلُل

٢- حَرَكَةُ عَيْنِ بَابِ التَّفَعُّلِ وَالتَّفَاعُلِ وَالتَّفَعْلُلِ

Every verbal noun containing a tāʾ before an open first radical has ḍammah on the letter following the first sākin. Examples are تَقَبُّل, تَقَابُل, and تَسَرْبُل. The same applies to its eight annexed forms, such as تَجَلْبُب, تَسَرْوُل, تَشَيْطُن, and تَجَوْرُب.

كُلُّ مَصْدَرٍ كَانَتْ فِيهِ “تَاءٌ” قَبْلَ “الْفَاءِ الْمَفْتُوحَةِ” يَكُونُ مَا بَعْدَ السَّاكِنِ الْأَوَّلِ مَضْمُومًا، مِثْلُ: تَقَبُّلٍ، وَتَقَابُلٍ، وَتَسَرْبُلٍ، وَكَذَا مُلْحَقَاتُهَا الثَّمَانِيَةُ، نَحْوُ: تَجَلْبُبٍ، وَتَسَرْوُلٍ، وَتَشَيْطُنٍ، وَتَجَوْرُبٍ…

3. The vowel of the middle radical in the pattern التَّفْعِيل

٣- حَرَكَةُ عَيْنِ بَابِ التَّفْعِيلِ

When the first radical is sākin in a verbal noun, the following letter carries kasrah, as in تَصْرِيف.

إِذَا كَانَتِ الْفَاءُ سَاكِنَةً فِي مَصْدَرٍ، فَمَا بَعْدَهَا يَكُونُ مَكْسُورًا، مِثْلُ: تَصْرِيفٍ.

4. Patterns beginning with hamzat al-waṣl

٤- أَبْوَابُ الْهَمْزَةِ الْوَصْلِيَّةِ

Every verbal noun beginning with hamzat al-waṣl has kasrah on the letter following the first sākin, as in اِجْتِنَاب and اِسْتِنْصَار. As for اِفَّاعَلَ and اِفَّعَلَ, they do not belong to the patterns of hamzat al-waṣl, because they are branches of التَّفَاعُل and التَّفَعُّل.

كُلُّ مَصْدَرٍ كَانَتْ فِي أَوَّلِهِ هَمْزَةٌ وَصْلِيَّةٌ يَكُونُ بَعْدَ السَّاكِنِ الْأَوَّلِ مَكْسُورًا، مِثْلُ: اِجْتِنَابٍ وَاسْتِنْصَارٍ، وَأَمَّا “اِفَّاعَلَ وَافَّعَلَ” فَلَيْسَا مِنْ قَبِيلِ أَبْوَابِ هَمْزَةِ الْوَصْلِ؛ لِأَنَّهُمَا فَرْعَانِ لِلتَّفَاعُلِ وَالتَّفَعُّلِ.

5. The vowel of the middle radical in the pattern الْإِفْعَال

٥- حَرَكَةُ عَيْنِ بَابِ الْإِفْعَالِ

Every verbal noun beginning with hamzat al-qaṭʿ has fatḥah on the letter following the first sākin, as in الْإِفْعَال.

كُلُّ مَصْدَرٍ فِي أَوَّلِهِ هَمْزَةٌ قَطْعِيَّةٌ فَبَعْدَ السَّاكِنِ الْأَوَّلِ يَكُونُ مَفْتُوحًا، مِثْلُ: الْإِفْعَالِ.

6. A rule for determining the vowel of the middle radical in the active present

٦- قَاعِدَةٌ لِضَبْطِ حَرَكَةِ عَيْنِ الْمُضَارِعِ الْمَعْلُومِ

If a tāʾ occurs before the first radical in the past tense of a verb other than the unaugmented triliteral, the middle radical of the present tense carries fatḥah; otherwise it carries kasrah. Examples are تَقَبَّلَ يَتَقَبَّلُ, تَقَابَلَ يَتَقَابَلُ, and تَفَعْلَلَ يَتَفَعْلَلُ.

لَوْ أَتَتْ قَبْلَ الْفَاءِ “تَاءٌ” فِي الْمَاضِي مِنْ غَيْرِ الثُّلَاثِيِّ الْمُجَرَّدِ، فَعَيْنُ الْمُضَارِعِ تَكُونُ مَفْتُوحَةً، وَإِلَّا فَمَكْسُورَةٌ، مِثْلُ: تَقَبَّلَ يَتَقَبَّلُ، وَتَقَابَلَ يَتَقَابَلُ، وَتَفَعْلَلَ يَتَفَعْلَلُ.

The first final radical, or whatever takes its place, follows the same rule as the middle radical of the present tense in every quadriliteral verb and its annexed forms, as in يَتَدَحْرَجُ, يَتَمَسْكَنُ, and يَتَشَيْطَنُ.

وَاللَّامُ الْأُولَى أَوْ مَا يَقُومُ مَقَامَهَا فِي حُكْمِ عَيْنِ الْمُضَارِعِ فِي الرُّبَاعِيِّ وَمُلْحَقَاتِهِ كُلِّهَا، مِثْلُ: يَتَدَحْرَجُ، وَيَتَمَسْكَنُ، وَيَتَشَيْطَنُ.

Note: The particular reason for determining the vowel of the letter following the first sākin in these points is that errors frequently occur in pronouncing this letter. Some people read الْمُفَاعَلَة with kasrah on the middle radical and الِاجْتِنَاب with fatḥah on the tāʾ. This is an egregious error that must be avoided.

مُلَاحَظَةٌ: وَجْهُ ضَبْطِ الْحَرَكَةِ لِمَا بَعْدَ السَّاكِنِ الْأَوَّلِ عَلَى الْخُصُوصِ فِي هَذِهِ النُّكَاتِ هُوَ أَنَّ الْخَطَأَ كَثِيرًا مَا يَقَعُ فِي تَلَفُّظِ هَذَا الْحَرْفِ، فَبَعْضُ النَّاسِ يَقْرَؤُونَ: “الْمُفَاعَلَةَ” بِكَسْرِ الْعَيْنِ، وَ“الِاجْتِنَابَ” بِفَتْحِ التَّاءِ، وَهَذَا خَطَأٌ فَاحِشٌ لَا بُدَّ مِنَ الِاحْتِرَازِ عَنْهُ.