Lesson Three

Lesson Three

الدَّرْسُ الثَّالِثُ

Divisions of the Noun

أَقْسَامُ الِاسْمِ

The noun is divided into three categories: verbal noun (maṣdar), derived noun (mushtaq), and non-derived noun (jāmid).

الِاسْمُ عَلَى ثَلَاثَةِ أَقْسَامٍ: مَصْدَرٌ، وَمُشْتَقٌّ، وَجَامِدٌ.

The verbal noun (maṣdar) is a noun that denotes the occurrence of an action or event, such as الضَّرْبِ وَالْفَتْحِ.

فَالْمَصْدَرُ: اسْمٌ يَدُلُّ عَلَى الْحُدُوثِ، مِثْلُ: الضَّرْبِ وَالْفَتْحِ.

The derived noun (mushtaq) is a noun extracted from a verb, such as الضَّارِبِ، وَالْمَضْرُوبِ. Both the maṣdar and the derived noun are divided, like their corresponding verbs, into unaugmented and augmented triliteral forms, and unaugmented and augmented quadriliteral forms, and likewise into the ten categories based on root letters, such as sound and the other types.

وَالْمُشْتَقُّ: اسْمٌ مُسْتَخْرَجٌ مِنَ الْفِعْلِ، مِثْلُ: الضَّارِبِ، وَالْمَضْرُوبِ. وَكُلٌّ مِنَ الْمَصْدَرِ وَالْمُشْتَقِّ يَنْقَسِمَانِ إِلَى الثُّلَاثِيِّ الْمُجَرَّدِ وَالْمَزِيدِ فِيهِ، وَالرُّبَاعِيِّ الْمُجَرَّدِ وَالْمَزِيدِ فِيهِ، كَأَفْعَالِهِمَا، وَهَكَذَا إِلَى أَقْسَامِ الْحُرُوفِ الْعَشَرَةِ مِنَ الصَّحِيحِ وَغَيْرِهِ.

The non-derived noun (jāmid) is a noun that is neither a maṣdar nor a derived noun. It too is divided into unaugmented and augmented triliteral forms, such as رَجُلٍ وَحِمَارٍ; unaugmented and augmented quadriliteral forms, such as جَعْفَرٍ وَقِرْطَاسٍ; and unaugmented and augmented quinqueliteral forms, such as سَفَرْجَلٍ وَقَبَعْثَرَى. This category is likewise divided into the well-known ten types based on root letters. Morphologists discuss verbs extensively because verbs have many conjugational forms, whereas nouns have relatively few, and particles have no conjugation at all.

وَالْجَامِدُ: هُوَ اسْمٌ غَيْرُ الْمَصْدَرِ وَالْمُشْتَقِّ، وَهُوَ أَيْضًا يَنْقَسِمُ إِلَى الثُّلَاثِيِّ الْمُجَرَّدِ وَالْمَزِيدِ فِيهِ، نَحْوُ: رَجُلٍ وَحِمَارٍ، وَالرُّبَاعِيِّ الْمُجَرَّدِ وَالْمَزِيدِ فِيهِ، مِثْلُ: جَعْفَرٍ وَقِرْطَاسٍ، وَإِلَى الْخُمَاسِيِّ الْمُجَرَّدِ وَالْمَزِيدِ فِيهِ، مِثْلُ: سَفَرْجَلٍ وَقَبَعْثَرَى. وَكَذَلِكَ يَنْقَسِمُ هَذَا الْقِسْمُ إِلَى أَقْسَامِ الْحُرُوفِ الْعَشَرَةِ الْمَشْهُورَةِ. وَالصَّرْفِيُّونَ يَبْحَثُونَ كَثِيرًا عَنِ الْفِعْلِ؛ لِأَنَّ لِلْفِعْلِ تَصَارِيفَ كَثِيرَةً وَلِلِاسْمِ قَلِيلَةً، وَلَا يَكُونُ لِلْحَرْفِ تَصْرِيفٌ أَبَدًا.