Lesson Fifty

Lesson Fifty

الدَّرْسُ الْخَمْسُونَ

Meanings of the Tafʿīl Form

٨- مَعَانِي بَابِ التَّفْعِيلِ

1. Causative transitivization: for example, فَرَّحْتُ سَعِيدًا. Its unaugmented form, on the pattern of سَمِعَ, is intransitive. Another example is عَلَّمْتُ النَّاسَ الْحَقَّ, while its unaugmented form is عَلِمْتُ الْحَقَّ.

١- التَّعْدِيَةُ: نَحْوُ: فَرَّحْتُ سَعِيدًا، فَإِنَّ مُجَرَّدَهُ مِنْ «سَمِعَ» لَازِمٌ، وَعَلَّمْتُ النَّاسَ الْحَقَّ، وَفِي مُجَرَّدِهِ: عَلِمْتُ الْحَقَّ.

2. Causing possession: for example, سَوَّدَ زَيْدٌ وَجْهَهُ, meaning that he made it possess blackness; and نَصَّلْتُ السَّهْمَ, meaning that I placed an arrowhead in it, and وَأَنْصَلْتُهُ ذَا نَصْلٍ, meaning that I made it possess an arrowhead.

٢- التَّصْيِيرُ: نَحْوُ: سَوَّدَ زَيْدٌ وَجْهَهُ، أَيْ جَعَلَهُ ذَا سَوَادٍ، وَنَصَّلْتُ السَّهْمَ، أَيْ جَعَلْتُ فِيهِ نَصْلًا، وَأَنْصَلْتُهُ ذَا نَصْلٍ.

3. Becoming: for example, نَوَّرَتِ الشَّجَرَةُ, meaning that its blossoms emerged and it became possessed of blossoms. The noun النَّوْرُ means a blossom beginning to open.

٣- الصَّيْرُورَةُ: نَحْوُ: نَوَّرَتِ الشَّجَرَةُ، أَيْ: خَرَجَ نَوْرُهَا وَصَارَتْ ذَاتَ أَنْوَارٍ، وَالنَّوْرُ: الزَّهْرَةُ الْمُبْتَدِئَةُ فِي الِانْفِتَاحِ.

4. Intensification: this indicates abundance or multiplication. This meaning occurs in this form more frequently than in the other forms. It may relate to the action, the doer, or the object:

٤- الْمُبَالَغَةُ: وَهِيَ الدَّلَالَةُ عَلَى التَّكْثِيرِ، وَهَذَا الْمَعْنَى يُوجَدُ فِي هَذَا الْبَابِ أَكْثَرَ مِمَّا يُوجَدُ فِي الْأَبْوَابِ الْأُخْرَى، وَهِيَ إِمَّا أَنْ تَكُونَ:

1. In the action: for example, صَرَّحَ الْأَمْرَ, meaning that he went to great lengths in declaring and explaining the matter; and جَوَّلَ زَيْدٌ الْبِلَادَ, meaning that he travelled around the lands extensively.

أ- فِي الْفِعْلِ: نَحْوُ: صَرَّحَ الْأَمْرَ، أَيْ: بَالَغَ فِي تَصْرِيحِهِ وَتَوْضِيحِهِ، وَجَوَّلَ زَيْدٌ الْبِلَادَ، أَيْ طَوَّفَ فِيهَا كَثِيرًا.

2. In the doer: for example, مَوَّتَتِ الْإِبِلُ, meaning that many of the camels died.

ب- فِي الْفَاعِلِ: نَحْوُ: مَوَّتَتِ الْإِبِلُ، أَيْ مَاتَ كَثِيرٌ مِنَ الْإِبِلِ.

3. In the object: for example, قَطَّعْتُ الْحَبْلَ قِطَعًا كَثِيرَةً. The intensification lies in cutting the rope into many pieces.

ت- فِي الْمَفْعُولِ: نَحْوُ: قَطَّعْتُ الْحَبْلَ قِطَعًا كَثِيرَةً، فَالْمُبَالَغَةُ فِي تَقْطِيعِ الْحَبْلِ.

The first of these categories is the primary one.

وَالْأَصْلُ فِيهَا هُوَ الْقِسْمُ الْأَوَّلُ.

5. Reaching: for example, خَيَّمَ زَيْدٌ, meaning that Zayd reached the tent; and عَمَّقَ خَالِدٌ النَّظَرَ فِي الْأَمْرِ, meaning that he reached its utmost limit while seeking it.

٥- الْبُلُوغُ: نَحْوُ: خَيَّمَ زَيْدٌ، أَيْ وَصَلَ إِلَى الْخَيْمَةِ، وَعَمَّقَ خَالِدٌ النَّظَرَ فِي الْأَمْرِ، أَيْ وَصَلَ فِيهِ طَالِبًا أَقْصَى غَايَاتِهِ.

6. Attribution to the source: this means attributing the object to the root meaning of the verb, as in كَفَّرْتُهُ, meaning that I attributed him to disbelief.

٦- النِّسْبَةُ إِلَى الْمَأْخَذِ: وَهِيَ نِسْبَةُ الْمَفْعُولِ إِلَى أَصْلِ الْفِعْلِ، نَحْوُ: كَفَّرْتُهُ، أَيْ نَسَبْتُهُ إِلَى الْكُفْرِ.

7. Removal of the source meaning: for example, قَشَّرْتُ الْعُودَ, meaning that I removed the bark from the stick.

٧- سَلْبُ الْمَأْخَذِ: نَحْوُ: قَشَّرْتُ الْعُودَ، أَيْ نَزَعْتُ الْقِشْرَ مِنْهُ.

8. Adoption: that is, the doer takes what the source denotes, as in خَيَّمَ الْقَوْمُ, meaning that the people pitched tents.

٨- الِاتِّخَاذُ: أَيْ اتِّخَاذُ الْفَاعِلِ مَأْخَذَهُ، نَحْوُ: خَيَّمَ الْقَوْمُ، أَيْ ضَرَبُوا خِيَامًا.

9. Coating with the source: this means coating the thing, which is the object, with what the source denotes, as in ذَهَّبْتُ السَّيْفَ, meaning that I placed gold or gold-water upon the sword.

٩- تَخْلِيطُ الْمَأْخَذِ: وَهُوَ تَلْمِيعُ الشَّيْءِ - الْمَفْعُولِ - بِالْمَأْخَذِ، نَحْوُ: ذَهَّبْتُ السَّيْفَ، أَيْ جَعَلْتُ الذَّهَبَ أَوْ مَاءَهُ عَلَى السَّيْفِ.

10. Transformation: this means making a thing into what the source denotes, or into something like it, as in نَصَّرَ زَيْدٌ عَمْرًا, meaning that he made him a Christian; and خَيَّمْتُ الرِّدَاءَ, meaning that I made the garment like a tent.

١٠- التَّحْوِيلُ: وَهُوَ جَعْلُ الشَّيْءِ مَأْخَذًا أَوْ مِثْلَ مَأْخَذٍ، نَحْوُ: نَصَّرَ زَيْدٌ عَمْرًا، أَيْ جَعَلَهُ نَصْرَانِيًّا، وَخَيَّمْتُ الرِّدَاءَ، أَيْ جَعَلَهُ مِثْلَ خَيْمَةٍ.

11. Contraction and abbreviation: this is the derivation of a word from a compound expression for the sake of abbreviation, as in هَلَّلَ عَمْرٌو وَسَبَّحَ بَكْرٌ, meaning that they respectively said لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ and سُبْحَانَ اللَّهِ.

١١- الْقَصْرُ وَالِاخْتِصَارُ: وَهُوَ اشْتِقَاقُ لَفْظٍ مِنَ الْمُرَكَّبِ اخْتِصَارًا، نَحْوُ: هَلَّلَ عَمْرٌو وَسَبَّحَ بَكْرٌ، أَيْ قَرَآ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ، وَسُبْحَانَ اللَّهِ.

12. Correspondence:

١٢- الْمُوَافَقَةُ:

1. Correspondence with فَعَلَ: for example, تَمَّرْتُهُ means تَمَرْتُهُ, that is, I gave him dates.

أ- مُوَافَقَةُ فَعَلَ، نَحْوُ: تَمَّرْتُهُ، مَعْنَاهُ تَمَرْتُهُ، أَيْ أَعْطَيْتُهُ تَمْرًا.

2. Correspondence with أَفْعَلَ: for example, ثَمَّرَ means أَثْمَرَ, that is, the fresh fruits dried.

ب- مُوَافَقَةُ أَفْعَلَ: مِثْلُ: ثَمَّرَ، مَعْنَاهُ: أَثْمَرَ، أَيْ جَفَّتِ الثُّمُورُ الرَّطْبَةُ.

3. Correspondence with تَفَعَّلَ: for example, تَرَّسَ means تَتَرَّسَ, that is, he used a shield.

ت- مُوَافَقَةُ تَفَعَّلَ: مِثْلُ: تَرَّسَ، مَعْنَاهُ تَتَرَّسَ، أَيْ اسْتَعْمَلَ التُّرْسَ.

13. Initial usage: for example, كَلَّمْتُهُ. This root is also used in the unaugmented form, as in كَلَمَ, but its meaning there is جَرَحَ, ‘he wounded.’

١٣- الِابْتِدَاءُ: نَحْوُ: كَلَّمْتُهُ، وَهَذِهِ الْمَادَّةُ تُسْتَعْمَلُ فِي الْمُجَرَّدِ أَيْضًا، مِثْلُ: كَلَمَ، لَكِنْ مَعْنَاهُ: جَرَحَ.

14. Direction towards the source: for example, شَرَّقْتُ وَغَرَّبْتُ, meaning that I headed east and west.

١٤- التَّوَجُّهُ إِلَى الْمَأْخَذِ: نَحْوُ: شَرَّقْتُ وَغَرَّبْتُ، أَيْ اتَّجَهْتُ إِلَى الشَّرْقِ وَالْغَرْبِ.

15. Acceptance of the source: for example, شَفَّعْتُ زَيْدًا, meaning that I accepted his intercession.

١٥- قَبُولُ الْمَأْخَذِ: نَحْوُ: شَفَّعْتُ زَيْدًا، أَيْ قَبِلْتُ شَفَاعَتَهُ.